Saturday, December 21, 2013

RANGANATHAN, S.R.

इस ब्लॉग्स को सृजन करने में आप सभी से सादर सुझाव आमंत्रित हैं , कृपया अपने सुझाव और प्रविष्टियाँ प्रेषित करे , इसका संपूर्ण कार्य क्षेत्र विश्व ज्ञान समुदाय हैं , जो सभी प्रतियोगियों के कॅरिअर निर्माण महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान देगा ,आप अपने सुझाव इस मेल पत्ते पर भेज सकते हैं - chandrashekhar.malav@yahoo.com

RANGANATHAN, S.R.----

Dr. Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan was born on August 9, 1892 Shiyali, Madras and died on September 27, 1972 in Bangalore. He earned an MA in Mathematics, and taught at Madras University. In 1924 he was appointed as the librarian of Madras University, a post he held for twenty years. As a newly appointed librarian he travelled to London's School of Librarianship and toured over one hundred libraries in the U.K.
While in England, Dr. SR Ranganathan saw that the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) was the most popular system in use. His analytical mind quickly discovered its fundamental deficiency and its inability to express all the aspects of a specific subject of a document. He also thought that a classification system should allow for future subjects to be combined in unexpected or unplanned ways.  In his mind DDC was neither prepared nor adequate to provide for the future situations.
Whether people are looking for resource books to help them with literature courses, electronic courses on Mobile Phones, interior decoration or language study they should be able to find a wide variety of appropriate reading material quickly and easily.
The DDC is not necessarily the quickest or easiest; to keep in mind he decided to devise a system of his own. Shortly afterward he began work on his classification scheme which he called the Colon Classification (CC).Ranaganathan started a Library Science School in Madras in 1929 where he taught both DDC and CC. Over his lifetime, he wrote over 2000 research papers, 60 books and founded and edited five periodical publications.
Ranganathan's chief technical contributions to library science were in classification and indexing theory. His Colon Classification (1933) introduced a system that iswidely used in research libraries around theworld and that has affected the evolution of such older systems as the Dewey Decimal Classification. Later he devised the technique of chain indexing for deriving subject-index entries.
His Five Laws of Library Science (1931) was widely accepted as a definitive statement of the ideal of library service. He also drafted plans for a national and several state library systems, founded and edited several journals, and was active in numerous professional associations.
Colon Classification is the system of library organization developed by Ranganathan in 1933. It is general rather than specific in nature, and it can create complex or new categories through the use of facets, or colons. In it, there are 108 main classes and 10 generalized classes (broadly divided between the humanities and sciences), which are represented by a mixed notation of Arabic numerals and Roman and Greek letters. Each main class comprises five fundamental facets, or groups: personality,
Ranganathan's main contribution to classification was the notion of these fundamental facets, or categories. Instead of schedules of numbers for each topic, Colon Classification uses series of short tables from which component numbers are chosen and linked by colons to form a whole. The book number is an integral part of the call number, a departure from Dewey or Library of Congress systems.
Each main class has its appropriate facets and focuses; e.g., literature has language and form. In addition, there are four floating tables that correspond to subdivisions -- e.g., formgeographytime, and language. Further expansion of the tables is allowed through colon addition or omission (if the subject cannot be expanded).
The collection of the University of Madras, India, was utilized in the creation of Colon Classification.
Digitised E-Books of Dr. S.R. Ranganathan by DLIST, The University of Arizona Campus Repository (University Libraries)
  1. Classification and Communication(1951)
  2. Documentation and its Facets: Being a symposium of seventy papers b...
  3.         -(1963)
  4. Documentation Genesis and Development(1951)
  5. The Five Laws of Library Science (1931)
  6.        
  7. Library Book Selection(1966)
  8.        
  9. New education and school library: Experience of half a century(1973).
  10. Philosophy of Library Classification(1989)
  11.        
  12. Prolegomena to Library Classification(1967)
  13.        
  14. Reference Service(1961)
  15.        
Books on Dr. S.R. Ranganathan:
  1. Ranganathan's philosophy : assessment, impact, and relevance : proc...
  2. Indian academic libraries and Dr. S.R. Ranganathan : a critical stu...
  3. Ranganathan, a pattern maker : a syndetic study of his contribution...
  4. Relevance of Ranganathan's contributions to library science by T S ...
  5. S.R. Ranganathan, 1892-1972 : papers given at a memorial meeting on...
  6. An essay in personal bibliography : Ranganathan Festschrift. 2. A b...
  7. S.R. Ranganathan, Pragmatic Philosopher of Information Science: A P...
  8. Ranganathanism and Knowledge Society: Relevance of Dr. S.R. Rangana...
His Life @ a Glance
He was educated at the Hindu High School in Shiyali, at Madras Christian College (where he took B.A. and M.A. degrees in mathematics in 1913 and 1916), and at Teachers College, Saidapet.
  In 1917 he joined the faculty of Government College, Mangalore.
  From 1920 to 1923 he subsequently taught at Government College, Coimbatore, and at Presidency College, University of Madras, in 1921-1923
  In 1924 he was appointed first librarian of the University of Madras, and in order to fit himself for the post he traveled to England to study at University College, London.
  From 1925 to 1944 he took up the job at Madras in earnest in 1925 and held it until 1944.
  From 1945 to 1954 he served as librarian and as professor of library science at Hindu University in Varanasi (Banaras), and from 1947 to 1954 he taught at the University of Delhi.
  From 1954 to 1957 he was engaged in research and writing in Zürich.
  He returned to India in the latter year and served as visiting professor at Vikram University, Ujjain, until 1959.
  In 1962 he founded and became head of the Documentation Research and Training Centre in Bangalore, with which he remained associated for the rest of his life, and in 1965 he was honoured by the Indian government with the title of national research professor in library science.Dr. S R Ranganathan is considered to be the father, the doyen, messiah of library and information profession in India.
Ranganathan’s Association with ILA
Ranganathan was closely associated with ILA right from its inception till 1954 ie, for about two decades. In fact, Mr K M Asadullah who convened the first All India Library Conference in Calcutta in the year 1933, requested Dr Ranganathan to be its president. But Ranganathan declined this offer as he was busy with the work of Madras University Library and Madras Library Association. However, he agreed to be one of the Conveners of the Conference.Ranganathan drafted the Constitution of the proposed Indian Library Association on behalf of the Madras Library Association. There were two more drafts-one from the Working Committee and one from the Simla Library Association. Hence a two member committee with Mr Ranganathan and Mr Montague of Simla was appointed to finalise the Constitution. This was adopted on 13 Sep 1933 and thus ILA was founded.Ranganathan enrolled himself as the first life member of ILA. He was President, ILA for nearly a decade upto 1953.When Ranganathan become the President of ILA he was not a member of the Executive Committee of the Association. It was an embarrassment for him when it was pointed out at the EC meeting held in Patna in 1946. Ranganathan then realised the need for amendment to the constitution as the President had no powers except to preside the general body meeting once in two years. Ranganathan got the constitution of the Association revised and adopted in 1949 at the Nagpur Conference.In the revised Constitution of 1949, the functions of the President were clearly laid-down. He was made the custodian of the constitution with full control over the affairs of the Association.PublicationsPapers for the Biennial Conference: A few months before the biennial conference, Ranganathan appointed an ad hocCommittee to select two or three subject groups in which papers should be solicited for the conference. Facets of each subject group were spelt-out well in advance. The ad hoc committee was also assigned the task of selection of papers, editing, standardization, publication, etc.Publication Series in English: A publication series in English was initiated in 1949. A sub-committee consisting of the President, Secretary and one Assistant Secretary was appointed for this purpose. Between 1949-53, seven titles were published under this series.Publication Series in Hindi: A series was also initiated in Hindi. Three of the books of Dr Ranganathan translated into Hindi by Mr M L Nagar were published.
In 1949 itself, it was decided to publish a research periodical in English; Another periodical giving a few papers of a slightly lower standard; and a periodical in Hindi.Finally it was resolved to make all there quarterlies issued simultaneously under one and the same cover under the titleAbgila.(Annals) (Bulletin) (GrantJialaya) of ILA (Indian Library Association). Union CatalogueDr Ranganathan took-up the project of the compilation of the Union Catalogue of Learned Periodicals in South Asia and completed it successfully on behalf of the ILA. This has fetched a few thousand rupees to ILA.During 1992 the Association organised functions to celebrate the Birth Centenary of Dr. S.R. Rnaganathan,the doyan of library science and librarianship in India. The Filately Division of the Department of Post, Government of India, released a Postel Stamp in honour of Ranganathan at the Official Opening of IFLA General Conference on August 30,1992. The stamp release function was performed by Hon'ble Minister of Human Resource Development Shri Arjun Singh in the Siri Fort Auditorium. The Plennary Session of IFLA was also devoted to Dr S R Ranganathan.The XXXVIII All India Library Conference of the Indian Library Association held at Utkal University, Bhubaneswar was dedicated to Dr S R Ranganathan. A large number of Indian and foreign Library Science journals released special numbers on S R Ranganathan.
Dr. S.R. Ranganathan Biography on Web
  1. EasyLib on Ranganathan
  2. ICMR tribute to Ranganathan
  3. On Wikipedia
  4. On Onlinelis site
  5. Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan
  6. Mishra, Anil Kumar
  7. The Father, Biography on ILA sites
  8. Satija, M.P, Remembering the Work of S.R. Ranganathan for Academic ...
  9. Singh, Jagtar, Philosophy and Theory of Dr. Ranganathan
  10. Summary of the work and Achievements of S.R. Ranganathan
  11. S.R. Ranganathan: an exemplry teacher and a guide by Harjit Singh
  12. Tripod Biography
  13. Ranganathan, Shiyali Ramamrita (1892-1972)
  14. S.R.R.Biography
  15. Biography on Online Britanica
  16. S.R. Ranganathan
  17. Father of library science from Sirkazhi-II by V. Sundaram (The writ...
  18. Memorabilia Ranganathan by Gopinath, M.A.
Most widely held works by S. R Ranganathan
  1. Colon classification 
  2. The five laws of library science 
  3. Prolegomena to library classification
  4. Ramanujan, the man and the mathematician 
  5. On the life and achievements of Srinivasa Ramanujan Aiyangar, 1887-1920, Indian mathematician.
  6. Library book selection
  7. Reference service 
  8. Classified catalogue code, with additional rules for dictionary cat... 
  9. Library manual, for library authorities, librarians, and honorary l...
  10. Library administration 
  11. Free book service for all; an international survey 
  12. A Librarian looks back : an autobiography of Dr. S.R. Ranganathan by S R Ranganathan and P N Kaula
Articles on Dr. Ranganathan.
  1. Garfield, Eugene, A Tribute to S.R. Ranganathan: Part 1. Life and W...
  2. Garfield, Eugene, A Tribute to S.R. Ranganathan: Part 2. Life and W...
  3. Glassel, Aimee, Was Ranganathan Yahoo ?
  4. Kamat, Vikas, India's First IT Guru Dr. S.R. Ranganathan
  5. Relevance of Ranganathan's Laws of Library Science in Library Marke...
  6. Steckel, Mike: Ranganathan for IAs
  7. Efforts Of Dr. S. R. Ranganathan For Public Library Legislation And...
  8. A Tribute by a Student of LIS
  9. The Pioneers: S. R. Ranganathan by D. J. Foskett
  10. Ranganathan's Theory of facet analysis and knowledge representation...
  11. Application of Ranganathan's Laws to the Web by Alireza Noruzi 
  12. Father of library movement  from The Hindu, 14 Aug 2001
  13. Dr. S.R. Ranganathan Access Portal by DRTC, Bangalore
  14. Father of Information Science, The Hindu, 07 Feb 2011
  15. Reflections on Ranganathan’s Five Laws of Library Science by Richard A. Leiter
  16. Colon classification-An outline with examples by S R Ranganathan
  17. Do digital libraries violate the Third Law? By Michale V. Cloonan & John G. Dove
  18. Ranganathan revisited: Facet for the future
  19. Ranganathan’s Colon Classification in 1500 Words or Less: A brief h... by Susan Kelsch
  20. Public Library Legislation And Service- A Review By Dr. Mohammad Az...
  21. Ranganathan and Public Library System by R. Raman Nair
  22. Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya (IGRMS)- Librarians Day ...
  23. Memories of the 1957 Dorking Conference, Dr. Ranganathan reference ...
  24. The Future of Libraries in the Work of S.R. Ranganathan by Frederic...
  25. The Library is a Growing Organism: Ranganathan's Fifth Law of Libra...by Keren Barner
  26. On his birth centenary by M.P. Satija
  27. Dr. SRR DISCIPLES: A View Point 
  28. Ranganathan's Monologue on Melvil Dewey
  29. Ranganathan's Prolegomena to Library Classification
...........................................................................................................................

Classification and Communication

HDL HANDLE:
http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105279
TITLE:
Classification and Communication
AUTHOR:
Ranganathan, S. R.
ISSUE DATE:
1951
PUBLISHER:
University of Delhi (Delhi, India)
JOURNAL:
Five Laws of Library Science
CITATION:
Classification and Communication 1951, :i-xxxii Five Laws of Library Science
ABSTRACT:
This is a preliminary digitization of S.R. Ranganathan's Classification and Communication. Published by the University of Delhi in 1951. First Edition. Copyright permissions granted from the copyright holder: © Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science (SRELS). To purchase reprints of this work, please visit Ess Ess Publications at http://www.essessreference.com/. Table of Contents: Chapter 11: First sense--Primitive use; Chapter 12: Second sense--Common use; Chapter 13: Third sense--Library classification; Chapter 14: Field of knowledge; Chapter 15: Enumerative classification; Chapter 16: Analytico-synthetic classification; Chapter 17: Uses of analytico-synthetic classification; Chapter 18: Depth-classification--Confession of faith; Part 2--Communication; Chapter 21: Co-operative living; Chapter 22: Communication and language; Chapter 23: Commercial contact; Chapter 24: Political understanding; Chapter 25: Literary exchange; Chapter 26: Spiritual communion; Chapter 27: Cultural concord; Chapter 28: Intellectual team-work; Part 3--Classification and Its Future; Chapter 31: Domains in communication; Chapter 32: Domain of classification; Chapter 33: Time-and-Space-Facets; Chapter 34: Preliminary schedules; Chapter 35: Energy-Facet; Chapter 36: Matter-Facet; Chapter 38: Research and Organisation; Index.
KEYWORDS:
Library ScienceClassification

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      .......................................................................

      Documentation and its Facets: Being a symposium of seventy papers by thirty-two authors

      HDL HANDLE:
      http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105426
      TITLE:
      Documentation and its Facets: Being a symposium of seventy papers by thirty-two authors
      ISSUE DATE:
      1963
      PUBLISHER:
      Asia Publishing House (Bombay)
      CITATION:
      Documentation and its Facets: Being a symposium of seventy papers by thirty-two authors 1963, 10
      ABSTRACT:
      This is a scan of Documentation and Its Facets: Being a symposium of seventy papers by thirty-two authors, edited by S.R. Ranganathan. In Part A Ranganathan provides a description of his introduction to Documentation (Information Science). Other authors, besides Ranganathan, describe the field of documentation. This is a title in the dLIST Classics project. © Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science (SRELS). Permission for non-profit use granted by SRELS. To purchase print reprints of this work, please visit Ess Ess Publications at http://www.essessreference.com/.
      KEYWORDS:
      Library ScienceClassificationInformation Science;Knowledge StructuresKnowledge Organization

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          .....................................................

          The Five Laws of Library Science

          HDL HANDLE:
          http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105454
          TITLE:
          The Five Laws of Library Science
          AUTHOR:
          Ranganathan, S. R.
          ISSUE DATE:
          1931
          PUBLISHER:
          Madras Library Association (Madras, India) and Edward Goldston (London, UK)
          CITATION:
          The Five Laws of Library Science 1931,
          ABSTRACT:
          This is an updated scan of the Prefatory Matter (Title pages, Table of Contents, Preface by Madras Library Association, Foreword by Sir P.S. Sivaswamy Aiyer, Introduction by Mr. W.C. Berwick Sayers), Chapter 1: The First Law, Chapter 2: The Second Law and Its Struggle, Chapter 3: The Second Law and Its Digvijaya, Chapter 4: The Second Law and Its Implications Pages, Chapter 5: The Third Law, Chapter 6: The Fourth Law, Chapter 7: The Fifth Law, Appendix, and Index, from S.R. Ranganathan's The Five Laws of Library Science, Madras Library Association, 1931. Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan (1892-1972) was a pioneer in the field of Library and Information Science. S.R. Ranganathan's The Five Laws of Library Science, the main premise of which is "books are for use," is arguably the most influential work in LIS to date. © Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science (SRELS). Permission for non-profit use granted by SRELS. To purchase reprints of this work, please visit Ess Ess Publications at http://www.essessreference.com/.
          KEYWORDS:
          Library Science

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              Chapter 1
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              Chapter 6
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              Chapter 7
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              Appendix
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              Index


              ............................

              Library Book Selection

              HDL HANDLE:
              http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105935
              TITLE:
              Library Book Selection
              AUTHOR:
              Ranganathan, S. R.
              ISSUE DATE:
              1966
              PUBLISHER:
              Asia Publishing House (Bombay)
              CITATION:
              Library Book Selection 1966,
              ABSTRACT:
              This is a preliminary and incomplete scan of Library Book Selection, Edition 2, by S.R. Ranganathan. Assisted by M. A. Gopinath. Edition 1 was published in 1952. This book discusses each of the five laws of library science in the context of book selection. The incomplete chapters are: Part H, J, K, L and Index) and they will be uploaded shortly. This is a title in the dLIST Classics project. © Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science (SRELS). Permission for non-profit use granted by SRELS. To purchase reprints of this work, please visit Ess Ess Publications at http://www.essessreference.com/.
              KEYWORDS:
              Library Science

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                  ....................................

                  New education and school library: Experience of half a century

                  HDL HANDLE:
                  http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105744
                  TITLE:
                  New education and school library: Experience of half a century
                  AUTHOR:
                  Ranganathan, S. R.
                  ISSUE DATE:
                  1973
                  PUBLISHER:
                  Vikas Publishing (Delhi, India)
                  CITATION:
                  New education and school library: Experience of half a century 1973,
                  ABSTRACT:
                  This is the last book written by S.R. Ranganathan printed in 1973 (India) based on his experience during the last fifty years. It includes a Foreword to Editition 1 (1942) by Sir John Sargent (Educational Commissioner, Govt. of India). Table of Contents: Part A - Preliminaries, Part B/E - Why of school library, Part F/J - What of school library, Part K/N - How of school library, Part P/R - Present difficulties, Part S/Y - Library techniques, Bibliography, Index. © Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science (SRELS). Permission for non-profit use granted by SRELS. To purchase reprints of this work, please visit Ess Ess Publications at http://www.essessreference.com/.
                  KEYWORDS:
                  Library Science

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                      .........................................

                      Philosophy of Library Classification

                      HDL HANDLE:
                      http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105278
                      TITLE:
                      Philosophy of Library Classification
                      AUTHOR:
                      Ranganathan, S. R.
                      ISSUE DATE:
                      1989
                      PUBLISHER:
                      Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science (Bangalore, India)
                      CITATION:
                      Philosophy of Library Classification 1989,
                      ABSTRACT:
                      This is a preliminary scan of S.R. Ranganathan's Philosophy of Library Classification (1989 Indian reprint edition). Contents include: Conspectus, 8 chapters, and Index: 1. Evolution of classification. 2. Library classification: an artificial language. 3. Library Classification and social forces. 4. Library classification as a transformation and its limitations. 5. Library classification and its symbiosis with library catalogue. 6. Capacity of library classification. 7. Increasing of dimensions and optional facets. 8. Organisation for research in library classification. © Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science (SRELS). This is a title in the dLIST Classics project; permission for non-profit use granted by SRELS. To purchase print reprints of this work, please visit Ess Ess Publications at http://www.essessreference.com/.
                      KEYWORDS:
                      Library ScienceClassificationKnowledge StructuresKnowledge Organization

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                          Prolegomena to Library Classification

                          HDL HANDLE:
                          http://hdl.handle.net/10150/106370
                          TITLE:
                          Prolegomena to Library Classification
                          AUTHOR:
                          Ranganathan, S. R.
                          ISSUE DATE:
                          1967
                          PUBLISHER:
                          Asia Publishing House (New York)
                          JOURNAL:
                          The Five Laws of Library Science
                          CITATION:
                          Prolegomena to Library Classification 1967, :1-73 The Five Laws of Library Science
                          ABSTRACT:
                          This is a preliminary digitization of S.R. Ranganathan's Prolegomena to Library Classification (Assisted by M.A. Gopinath). Published by Asia Publishing House (New York), 1967 (printed in India). Copyright permissions granted from the copyright holder: Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science (SRELS). To purchase reprints of this work, please visit Ess Ess Publications at http://www.essessreference.com/. Table of Contents: Part A: Introduction includes Preface to Edition 1 by Sayers, Genesis of Edition 1 (1937), Development of Edition 2 (1957), Development of Edition 3 (1967), Features of Edition 3 (1967); Part B: Summary of Normative Principles; Part C: Basic Concepts and Terminology of Classification; Part D: Normative Principles; Part E: Canons for Work in the Idea Plane; Part F: Principles for Helpful Sequence; Part G: Canons for Work in the Verbal Plane; Part H: Notational Plane; Part J: Canons for Work in the Notational Plane; Part K: Canons for Mnemonics; Part I: Notational System for a Growing Universe; Part M: Planes of Work; Part N: Foci in an Array; Part P: Formation, Structure, and Development of Subjects; Part Q: Classification as Transformation; Part R: Analytico-Synthetic Classification (Idea Plane); Part S: Analytico-Synthetic Classification (Notational Plane); Part T: Quasi-Subject and Subject Bundle; Part U: Book Number; Part V: Use of Collection Number; Part W: Universal & Special Classification; Part X: Reflections; Bibliographical References; Index.
                          KEYWORDS:
                          Library ScienceClassification

                          FULL METADATA RECORD

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                              ,.................................

                              Reference Service

                              HDL HANDLE:
                              http://hdl.handle.net/10150/106346
                              TITLE:
                              Reference Service
                              AUTHOR:
                              Ranganathan, S. R.
                              ISSUE DATE:
                              1961
                              PUBLISHER:
                              Asia Publishing House (Bombay)
                              CITATION:
                              Reference Service 1961,
                              ABSTRACT:
                              This is a scan of S.R. Ranganathan's Reference Service, 2nd edition published 1961 by Asia Publishing House. Includes the Foreword to Edition 1, which was published in 1940. © Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science (SRELS). This is a title in the dLIST Classics project; This is a title in the dLIST Classics project. © Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science (SRELS). Permission for non-profit use granted by SRELS. To purchase reprints of this work, please visit Ess Ess Publications at http://www.essessreference.com/.
                              KEYWORDS:
                              Library Science

                              FULL METADATA RECORD

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                                  ..............................................
                                  Genre/Form:Congresses
                                  Additional Physical Format:Online version:
                                  Ranganathan's philosophy.
                                  New Delhi : Vikas Pub. House, c1986
                                  (OCoLC)558147172
                                  Online version:
                                  Ranganathan's philosophy.
                                  New Delhi : Vikas Pub. House, c1986
                                  (OCoLC)607694728
                                  Named Person:S R Ranganathan; Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan
                                  Material Type:Conference publication
                                  Document Type:Book
                                  All Authors / Contributors:T S RajagopalanIndian Library Association.Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science.
                                  ISBN:0706930274 9780706930276
                                  OCLC Number:14272960
                                  Notes:Errata slip inserted.
                                  Description:xxxvi, 690 p., [1] leaf of plates : port. ; 23 cm.
                                  Responsibility:organised by the Indian Library Association and co-sponsored by Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science ; edited by T.S. Rajagopalan.

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                                    S. R. Ranganathan

                                    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
                                    S.R. Ranganathan
                                    S. R. Ranganathan.jpg
                                    S. R. Ranganathan's Portrait at City Central Library, Hyderabad
                                    BornShiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan
                                    12 August 1892
                                    ShiyaliBritish India (present-dayTamil NaduIndia)
                                    Died27 September 1972 (aged 80)
                                    Bangalore, India
                                    OccupationAuthor, academic, mathematician, librarian
                                    NationalityIndian
                                    GenresLibrary ScienceDocumentation,Information Science
                                    Notable work(s)Prolegomena to Library Classification
                                    The Five Laws of Library Science
                                    Colon Classification
                                    Ramanujan: the Man and the Mathematician
                                    Classified Catalogue Code: With Additional Rules for Dictionary Catalogue Code
                                    Library Administration
                                    Indian Library Manifesto
                                    Library Manual for Library Authorities, Librarians, and Library Workers
                                    Classification and Communication
                                    Headings and Canons; Comparative Study of Five Catalogue Codes
                                    Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan (About this sound listen ; 12[1] August 1892 – 27 September 1972) was a mathematician and librarian from India.[2][3] His most notable contributions to the field were his five laws of library science and the development of the first major analytico-synthetic classification system, the colon classification. He is considered to be the father of library sciencedocumentation, and information science in India and is widely known throughout the rest of the world for his fundamental thinking in the field. His birthday is observed every year as the National Library Day in India.
                                    He was a university librarian and professor of library science at Benares Hindu University(1945–47) and professor of library science at the University of Delhi (1947–55). The last appointment made him director of the first Indian school of librarianship to offer higher degrees. He was president of the Indian Library Association from 1944 to 1953. In 1957 he was elected an honorary member of the International Federation for Information and Documentation (FID) and was made a vice president for life of the Library Association of Great Britain.[4]

                                    Early life and education[edit]

                                    Ranganathan, born on 12[1] August 1892 to Ramamrita, in Tanjore in British-ruled India.[5]He was born in the small town of Shiyali (now known as Sirkazhi), in the state of Tamil Nadu in southern India.
                                    Ranganathan began his professional life as a mathematician; he earned B.A. and M.A. degrees in mathematics from Madras Christian College in his home province, and then went on to earn a teaching license. His lifelong goal was to teach mathematics, and he was successively a member of the mathematics faculties at universities in Mangalore,Coimbatore and Madras (all within the span of five years). As a mathematics professor, he published a handful of papers, mostly on the history of mathematics. His career as an educator was somewhat hindered by a handicap of stammering (a difficulty Ranganathan gradually overcame in his professional life). The Government of India awarded Padmashri to Dr. S.R. Ranganathan in 1957 for valuable contributions to Library Science.[6]

                                    Early career[edit]

                                    In 1923, the University of Madras created the post of University Librarian to oversee their poorly organized collection. Among the 900 applicants for the position, none had any formal training in librarianship, and Ranganathan's' handful of papers satisfied the search committee's requirement that the candidate should have a research background. His sole knowledge of librarianship came from anEncyclopædia Britannica article he read days before the interview.
                                    Ranganathan was initially reluctant to pursue the position (he had forgotten about his application by the time he was called for an interview there). To his own surprise, he received the appointment and accepted the position in January 1924.[5]
                                    At first, Ranganathan found the solitude of the position was intolerable. After a matter of weeks, complaining of total boredom, he went back to the university administration to beg for his teaching position back. A deal was struck that Ranganthan would travel to London to study contemporary Western practices in librarianship, and that, if he returned and still rejected librarianship as a career, the mathematics lectureship would be his again.[7]
                                    Ranganathan travelled to University College London, which at that time housed the only graduate degree program in library science in Britain. At University College, he earned marks only slightly above average, but his mathematical mind latched onto the problem of classification, a subject typically taught by rote in library programs of the time. As an outsider, he focused on what he perceived to be flaws with the popular decimal classification, and began to explore new possibilities on his own.[8]
                                    He also devised the Acknowledgment of Duplication, which states that any system of classification of information necessarily implies at least two different classifications for any given datum. He anecdotally proved this with the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) by taking several books and showing how each might be classified with two totally different resultant DDC numbers.[9] (For example, a book on "warfare in India" could be classified under "warfare" or "India". Even a general book on warfare could be classified under "warfare," "history," "social organisation," "Indian essays," or many other headings, depending upon the viewpoint, needs, and prejudices of the classifier.) To a mind such as Ranganathan's, a structured, step-by-step system acknowledging each facet of the topic of the work was immensely preferable to the anarchy and "intellectual laziness" (as he termed it) of the DDC. The importance of this concept, given the poor technology for information retrieval available at that time, cannot be overestimated. Even in modern terms the concept is attractive for its simplicity, predictability, and depth in comparison to classification on a linguistic level, such as is used by search engines such as Google.
                                    He began drafting the system that was ultimately to become the Colon Classification while in England, and refined it as he returned home, even going so far as to reorder the ship's library on the voyage back to India. He initially got the idea for the system from seeing a set of Meccano in a toy store in London. Ranganathan returned with great interest for libraries and librarianship and a vision of its importance for the Indian nation. He returned to and held the position of University Librarian at the University of Madras for twenty years. During that time, he helped to found the Madras Library Association, and lobbied actively for the establishment of free public libraries throughout India and for the creation of a comprehensive national library.[10]
                                    Ranganathan was considered by many to be a workaholic. During his two decades in Madras, he consistently worked 13-hour days, seven days a week, without taking a vacation for the entire time. Although he married in November 1928, he returned to work the afternoon following the marriage ceremony. A few years later, he and his wife Sarada had a son. The couple remained married until Ranganathan's death.
                                    The first few years of Ranganathan's tenure at Madras were years of deliberation and analysis as he addressed the problems of library administration and classification.[11] It was during this period that he produced what have come to be known as his two greatest legacies: his five laws of library science (1931) and the colon classification system (1933).[12]
                                    Regarding the political climate at the time, Ranganathan took his position at the University of Madras in 1924. Gandhi had been imprisoned in 1922 and was released around the time that Ranganathan was taking that job. Ranganathan sought to institute massive changes to the library system and to write about such things as open access and education for all which essentially had the potential to enable the masses and encourage civil discourse (and disobedience). Although there's no evidence that Ranganthan did any of this for political reasons, his changes to the library had the result of educating more people, making information available to all, and even aiding women and minorities in the information-seeking process.
                                    The Northern Ireland crisis got an unexpected metaphorical reference in a book by S. R. Ranganathan, as "making an Ulster of the ... law of parsimony", complaining about the harmful effects of low budget on the good functioning of a library.

                                    Later career[edit]

                                    After two decades of serving as librarian at Madras – a post he had intended to keep until his retirement, Ranganathan retired from his position after conflicts with a new university vice-chancellor became intolerable. At the age of 54, he submitted his resignation and, after a brief bout with depression, accepted a professorship in library science at Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi, his last formal academic position, in August 1945. There, he cataloged the university's collection; by the time he left four years later, he had classified over 100,000 items personally.
                                    Ranganathan headed the Indian Library Association from 1944 to 1953, but was never a particularly adept administrator, and left amid controversy when the Delhi Public Library chose to use the Dewey Decimal Classification system instead of his own Colon Classification. He held an honorary professorship at Delhi University from 1949 to 1955 and helped build that institution's library science programs with S. Dasgupta, a former student of his. In 1951, Ranganathan released an album on Folkways Records entitled, Readings from the Ramayana: In Sanskrit Bhagavad Gita.
                                    Ranganathan briefly moved to Zurich, Switzerland, from 1955 to 1957, when his son married a European girl; the unorthodox relationship did not sit well with Ranganathan, although his time in Zurich allowed him to expand his contacts within the European library community, where he gained a significant following. However, he soon returned to India and settled in the city of Bangalore, where he would spend the rest of his life. While in Zurich, though, he endowed a professorship at Madras University in honor of his wife of thirty years, largely as an ironic gesture in retaliation for the persecution he suffered for many years at the hands of that university's administration.
                                    Ranganathan's final major achievement was the establishment of the Documentation Research and Training Centre as a department and research center in the Indian Statistical Institute in Bangalore in 1962, where he served as honorary director for five years. In 1965, the Indian government honored him for his contributions to the field with a rare title of "National Research Professor."
                                    In the final years of his life, Ranganathan finally succumbed to ill health, and was largely confined to his bed. On September 27, 1972, he died of complications from bronchitis.[13]
                                    Upon the centenary of his birth in 1992, several biographical volumes and collections of essays on Ranganathan's influence were published in his honor. Ranganathan's autobiography, published serially during his life, is titled A Librarian Looks Back.

                                    See also[edit]

                                    References[edit]

                                    1. Jump up to:a b http://publications.drdo.gov.in/gsdl/collect/dbit/index/assoc/HASH5351.dir/dbit1205003.pdf
                                    2. Jump up^ Broughton, Vanda (2006). Essential Classification. London, Facet Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85604-514-8
                                    3. Jump up^ Indian Statistical Institute Library and Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science. “S. R. Ranganathan – A Short Biography.” Indian Statistical Institute.
                                    4. Jump up^ "Ranganathan, Shivala Ramanrita (1892–1972)." The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide. Abington: Helicon, 2009. Credo Reference.
                                    5. Jump up to:a b Garfield, Eugene (6). "A Tribute to S. R. Ranganathan, the Father of Indian Library Science. Part 1. Life and Works"Essays of an Information Scientist 7: 37–44. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
                                    6. Jump up^ Srivastava, A.P. (1977). Ranganathan: A pattern maker. New Dehli: Metropolitan Book Co., p. 125.
                                    7. Jump up^ Garfield, Eugene (6). "A Tribute to S. R. Ranganathan, the Father of Indian Library Science. Part 1. Life and Works". Essays of an Information Scientist 7: 37–44
                                    8. Jump up^ Srivastava, A.P. (1977). Ranganathan: A pattern maker. New Dehli: Metropolitan Book Co., p. 46.
                                    9. Jump up^ Srivastava, A.P. (1977). Ranganathan: A pattern maker. New Dehli: Metropolitan Book Co.
                                    10. Jump up^ Srivastava, A.P. (1977). Ranganathan: A pattern maker. New Dehli: Metropolitan Book Co.
                                    11. Jump up^ Srivastava, A.P. (1977). Ranganathan: A pattern maker. New Dehli: Metropolitan Book Co., p. 30-31
                                    12. Jump up^ Kabir, A. (2003). Ranganathan: A Universal Librarian. Journal Of Educational Media & Library Sciences, 40, 453-459.
                                    13. Jump up^ Srivastava, A.P. (1977). Ranganathan: A pattern maker. New Delhi: Metropolitan Book Co., p. 2.

                                    External links[edit]


                                    Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan


                                    Born: Aug. 9, 1892 at Shiyali, Madras, India
                                    Died: Sept. 27, 1972 at Bangalore, Mysore

                                    Indian librarian and educator (mathematician) who was considered the father of library science in India and whose contributions had worldwide influence.
                                     Ranganathan's chief technical contributions to library science were in classification and indexing theory. His Colon Classification(1933) introduced a system that is widely used in research libraries around the world and that has affected the evolution of such older systems as the Dewey Decimal Classification. Later he devised the technique of chain indexing for deriving subject-index entries.
                                     His Five Laws of Library Science (1931) was widely accepted as a definitive statement of the ideal of library service. He also drafted plans for a national and several state library systems, founded and edited several journals, and was active in numerous professional associations.
                                     Colon Classification is the system of library organization developed by Ranganathan in 1933. It is general rather than specific in nature, and it can create complex or new categories through the use of facets, or colons.
                                     In it, there are 108 main classes and 10 generalized classes (broadly divided between the humanities and sciences), which are represented by a mixed notation of Arabic numerals and Roman and Greek letters. Each main class comprises five fundamental facets, or groups: personalitymatterenergyspace, and time.
                                     Ranganathan's main contribution to classification was the notion of these fundamental facets, or categories. Instead of schedules of numbers for each topic, Colon Classification uses series of short tables from which component numbers are chosen and linked by colons to form a whole. The book number is an integral part of the call number, a departure from Dewey or Library of Congress systems.
                                     Each main class has its appropriate facets and focuses; e.g., literature has language and form. In addition, there are four floating tablesthat correspond to subdivisions -- e.g., formgeographytime, and language. Further expansion of the tables is allowed through colon addition or omission (if the subject cannot be expanded).
                                     The collection of the University of Madras, India, was utilized in the creation of Colon Classification.

                                    His Life in Short:
                                    - He was educated at the Hindu High School in Shiyali, at Madras Christian College (where he took B.A. and M.A. degrees in mathematics in 1913 and 1916), and at Teachers College, Saidapet.
                                    - In 1917 he joined the faculty of Government College, Mangalore.
                                    - From 1920 to 1923 he subsequently taught at Government College, Coimbatore, and at Presidency College, University of Madras, in 1921-1923.
                                    - In 1924 he was appointed first librarian of the University of Madras, and in order to fit himself for the post he traveled to England to study at University College, London.
                                    - From 1925 to 1944 he took up the job at Madras in earnest in 1925 and held it until 1944.
                                    - From 1945 to 1954 he served as librarian and as professor of library science at Hindu University in Varanasi (Banaras), and from 1947 to 1954 he taught at the University of Delhi.
                                    - From 1954 to 1957 he was engaged in research and writing in Zürich.
                                    - He returned to India in the latter year and served as visiting professor at Vikram University, Ujjain, until 1959.
                                    - In 1962 he founded and became head of the Documentation Research and Training Centre in Bangalore, with which he remained associated for the rest of his life, and in 1965 he was honoured by the Indian government with the title of national research professor in library science.
                                    Main works:
                                    Five Laws of Library Science (1931)
                                    Colon Classification (1933)
                                    Classified Catalogue Code (1934)
                                    Prolegomena to Library Classification (1937)
                                    Theory of the Library Catalogue (1938)
                                    Elements of Library Classification (1945)
                                    Classification and International Documentation (1948)
                                    Classification and Communication (1951)
                                    Headings and Canons (1955).
                                    From: Michael May - Mon Jul 10 08:07:55 EDT 2006 - [Web4lib] Open Access to S. R. Ranganathan at dLIST
                                    «dLIST, the Digital Library of Information Science & Technology, are pleased to announce that the dLIST Classics Project has received permission from the Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science (SRELS) to provide open electronic access to the following works by S. R. Ranganathan: 
                                    • Five Laws of Library Science, 1931.
                                    • New Education and School Library, 1973.
                                    • Philosophy of Library Classification, 1950.
                                    • Prolegomena to Library Classification, 3rd ed., 1967.
                                    • Classification and Communication, 1951.
                                    • Documentation: Genesis and Development, 1973.
                                    • Documentation and Its Facets, 1963.
                                    • Library Book Selection, 2nd ed., 1966
                                    • Reference Service, 2nd ed., 1961.
                                    A preliminary scan of the prefatory matter and first chapter from the original 1931 edition of S.R. Ranganathan's Five Laws is now available at dLIST: http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/1220»

                                    I am indebited to Encyclopaedia Britannicaand A.C. Foskett's The Subject Approach to Information, for the above document
                                    See also
                                    in Italian:
                                    in English:
                                    in Portuguese:
                                    • O legado de Ranganathan by Andréa Gonçalves, Biblioamigos da Comissão de Alunos de Biblioteconomia ECA/USP, Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo
                                    in Spanish:
                                    • Los maestros, by Ana M. Martínez , Universidad Nacional de La Plata

                                    .........http://www.slideshare.net/anilmlis/ranganathan-biography-1830888

                                    ...........Ranganathan Biography

                                    Document Transcript

                                    • 1. 9th August ‘117th Birth Anniversary of Dr. S. R. Ranganathan and 12th August Librarians’ Day. Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan The Father of Library Science 1
                                    • 2. 2
                                    • 3. 3
                                    • 4. Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan Born: Aug.9, 1892 at Shiyali, Madras, India Died: Sept. 27, 1972 at Bangalore, Mysore Indian librarian and educator (mathematician) who was considered the father of library science in India and whose contributions had worldwide influence. Ranganathan's chief technical contributions to library science were in classification and indexing theory. His Colon Classification (1933) introduced a system that is widely used in research libraries around the world and that has affected the evolution of such older systems as the Dewey Decimal Classification. Later he devised the technique of chain indexing for deriving subject-index entries. His Five Laws of Library Science (1931) was widely accepted as a definitive statement of the ideal of library service. He also drafted plans for a national and several state library systems, founded and edited several journals, and was active in numerous professional associations. Colon Classification is the system of library organization developed by Ranganathan in 1933. It is general rather than specific in nature, and it can create complex or new categories through the use of facets, or colons. 4
                                    • 5. In it, there are 108 main classes and 10 generalized classes (broadly divided between the humanities and sciences), which are represented by a mixed notation of Arabic numerals and Roman and Greek letters. Each main class comprises five fundamental facets, or groups: personality, matter, energy, space, and time. Ranganathan's main contribution to classification was the notion of these fundamental facets, or categories. Instead of schedules of numbers for each topic, Colon Classification uses series of short tables from which component numbers are chosen and linked by colons to form a whole. The book number is an integral part of the call number, a departure from Dewey or Library of Congress systems. Each main class has its appropriate facets and focuses; e.g., literature has language and form. In addition, there are four floating tables that correspond to subdivisions -- e.g., form, geography, time, and language. Further expansion of the tables is allowed through colon addition or omission (if the subject cannot be expanded). The collection of the University of Madras, India, was utilized in the creation of Colon Classification. His Life in Short:  He was educated at the Hindu High School in Shiyali, at Madras Christian College (where he took B.A. and M.A. degrees in mathematics in 1913 and 1916), and at Teachers College, Saidapet.  In 1917 he joined the faculty of Government College, Mangalore. 5
                                    • 6.  From 1920 to 1923 he subsequently taught at Government College, Coimbatore, and at Presidency College, University of Madras, in 1921-1923.  In 1924 he was appointed first librarian of the University of Madras, and in order to fit himself for the post he traveled to England to study at University College, London.  From 1925 to 1944 he took up the job at Madras in earnest in 1925 and held it until 1944.  From 1945 to 1954 he served as librarian and as professor of library science at Hindu University in Varanasi (Banaras), and from 1947 to 1954 he taught at the University of Delhi.  From 1954 to 1957 he was engaged in research and writing in Zürich.  He returned to India in the latter year and served as visiting professor at Vikram University, Ujjain, until 1959.  In 1962 he founded and became head of the Documentation Research and Training Centre in Bangalore, with which he remained associated for the rest of his life, and in 1965 he was honoured by the Indian government with the title of national research professor in library science. Main works: Five Laws of Library Science (1931) Colon Classification (1933) Classified Catalogue Code (1934) 6
                                    • 7. Prolegomena to Library Classification (1937) Theory of the Library Catalogue (1938) Elements of Library Classification (1945) Classification and International Documentation (1948) Classification and Communication (1951) Headings and Canons (1955). • Five Laws of Library Science, 1931. • New Education and School Library, 1973. • Philosophy of Library Classification, 1950. • Prolegomena to Library Classification, 3rd ed., 1967. • Classification and Communication, 1951. • Documentation: Genesis and Development, 1973. • Documentation and Its Facets, 1963. • Library Book Selection, 2nd ed., 1966 • Reference Service, 2nd ed., 1961. Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan The Father of Library Science 7
                                    • 8. This document is a factual account of the life work of S.R. Ranganathan. Some elements such as our alive today page are fictitious and are told in the first person. This document includes: a biography, his contributions to library science, awards and honours, a sample list of publications, positions held and resources used. Biography Dr. Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan (1892-1972) was perhaps the greatest librarian of the 20th century. As an educator, librarian, and thinker, his contributions to the field of library science surpassed all others, and placed the country of India permanently on the world library stage. Ranganathan made two indispensable contributions to the library profession: the Five Laws of Library Science (1931) and Colon Classification (1933). Besides these two major contributions, Ranganathan also studied a wide variety of library topics, including the education of librarians, library administration and organization, reference services, and collection management, among others. Ranganathan was born in Madras, India on August 9, 1892, and was first trained as a mathematician, becoming a lecturer of mathematics at the University of 8
                                    • 9. Madras . In 1924, he was offered a position of librarian at the University, on condition that he would travel to University College in London to study contemporary librarianship. During his studies in Great Britain, Ranganathan visited countless numbers of public and college libraries throughout the country, which helped him to focus his thoughts in the areas of classification, cataloguing, and library services. Ranganathan saw libraries as essential elements in helping societies grow and thrive through the spreading of literacy, which made him focus his studies in the area of library services. He also saw libraries as places of service and intellectual dialogue, and he perceived library workers, as both scholars, who should continue to research and explore in the field, as well as teachers, sharing their knowledge with members of society. Ranganathan based his studies from his mathematical background and his beliefs in Hindu mysticism and the Analytico -Synthetic Method ( Pruiett ) . In this method, he examined complex phenomena, broke his observations into small pieces, and then attempted to connect the pieces together in a systematic way. Girja Kumar wrote in a biography of Ranganathan, "There had not been a day of the life of Ranganathan since 1924 when he did not breathe, think, talk, and even dream of librarianship and library science." (Kumar, 1992). Kumar also says, [Ranganathan] spent two decades as librarian of Madras University. Never did he take any vacations during this period, and during his entire twenty-year tenure as librarian at the University, he did not take even one day leave. He spent 13 hours every day for seven days a week on the premises of the library. (Kumar) After leaving the University of Madras in 1945, Ranganathan served as a librarian and professor of library science at Hindu University in Varanasi , and he also taught at the University of Delhi from 1947 to 1954. During 1954 to 1957, he was engaged in research and writing in Zurich, Switzerland, and he returned to India in 1957 and served as visiting professor at Vikram University until 1959. In 1962, he founded and became head of the Documentation Research and Training Centre in Bangalore, and in 1965 he was honoured by the Indian government with the title of national research professor in library science. 9
                                    • 10. Ranganathan wrote his 62 major books in the evenings, during his off hours from the University. Besides Colon Classification and the Five Laws of Library Science, other important works written by him, include Classified Catalogue Code (1934), Prolegomena to Library Classification (1937), Theory of the Library Catalogue (1938), Elements of Library Classification (1945), Classification and International Documentation (1948), Classification and Communication (1951) and Headings and Canons (1955), among many others. In addition to the large number of books and articles written by Ranganathan, he also created many professional and educational organizations, primarily in India, and he participated in library movements around the world. When he died on September 27, 1972 in Bangalore, Mysore, the world lost one of the pioneers, maybe even the creator, of the library and information science field, and his writings will continue to be a significant impact and influence on the library world, especially in today's growing electronic environment. A DAY IN THE LIFE Although countless numbers of books provide great insight into S.R. Ranganathan's ideas, thoughts, and theories of library science, not many provide a look into his everyday life or what the experience was like for students in his classes. TEACHING METHODS Ranganathan used the powerful teaching method of exposition, and attempted to bring the scientific method to the library world. He did not simply lecture or read prepared notes to his students, but instead created a continuous give-and-take between himself and his students. Questions, answers, discussion, and practical application would freely flow back and forth between teacher and student. Ranganathan felt the most important component of teaching was to first build a teacher-student relationship of familiarity. A student once said: "From the first day to the last you will never feel that you are with someone who is high and far beyond your reach he gradually tries to help you in casting off your fears, reserves, and emotions completely so you may be very frank and expressive with him" (Shukla 570). 10
                                    • 11. If a difficult point was attempting to be taught, Ranganathan would use an anecdote, narrative experience or an analogy, of which he would never fail to be without. He felt this would provide the students with a better grasp of the topic at hand, and help them to understand the intricacies of librarianship. His ideal was "to make a dull student bright, a dumb student talk, a blind student see, and a weak student write" (Kaula 656). Also, he believed repetition was important in ensuring students fully comprehended the material, and he believed terminology and idea were inseparable. For example, Ranganathan would put questions to the students to get them involved with a new idea, and make them give the answers in precise terminology, in full sentences, and until correct answers were given by all. He attempted to make his students think and use what they have learned. He would not forget the weaker students, and patiently teach each and every member of his classes, while using his humourous anecdotes and stories to prevent anyone else from becoming bored. Another student once said: "I remember that at times his lectures were so thrilling that we could not help but discussing amongst ourselves the class room proceedings even after the class was over" (Guha 578). Students in his classes had the main part to play in reasoning out all details and Ranganathan acted simply as a guide to help them proceed along the right lines. Everyone in his classes had to be alert to think quickly and provide a contribution to the discussion of the topic. Following the discussion, Ranganathan would then provide a reshaping of the classes' contributions, taking everyone's points into consideration, and provide guidance for additional study, reading, and homework. AN AVERAGE DAY: An average day for Ranganathan began at dawn, as he got up when it is still dark to begin working on whatever he was currently engaged in (e.g. a book, a new article). Then he went out for his morning walk, along with fellow librarians, visiting scholars, and students, to discuss various library science issues. Classes and lectures may be scheduled throughout the day, between which, he continued to work on his research, while also answering letters well into the evening, and tending to discussions with various groups who come to visit him. When he completed all his articles and work, and answered all his letters for the day, he headed to bed. Even his sleep was rarely 11
                                    • 12. peaceful, as his mind continued to think about various issues and problems for the next day's articles and discussions. Some other interesting facts about Ranganathan included the following: • Ranganathan lived a very simple life of non-extravagance and austerity, as he enjoyed doing the majority of his work from a mat on the floor; his powerful concentration allowed him to work for long hours, both early in the morning and late at night, and through anything, even several Indian civil wars. • Ranganathan was said to breathe libraries at all times, and he would talk nothing but library science. He would sometimes even be so engrossed deeply in his work that he would forget to eat his food, and go for days without any sleep or rest. • Ranganathan made huge impacts in any library meetings, conferences and discussions that he attended, due to his strict routine of advanced preparation, in which he would review agendas and make notes prior to meetings. He always wanted to be prepared for any point or question which may have come his way. • Ranganathan was constantly recognized for his punctuality. He would never be late for any meeting, and was always the first to enter the library and last to leave at night. Also, in his correspondence, he was meticulously prompt. He would always reply to a letter the same day it was received, and he read each and every letter, and provided the author with a hand-written response. • Beyond the classroom, Ranganathan organized weekly teaching seminars, making senior students the leaders, and provide yet another forum for discussion and deliberation. As well, he encouraged all of his students to contribute papers to various conferences and symposiums throughout India . Finally, Ranganathan enjoyed taking regular morning walks, during which he and his colleagues, and students would discuss the papers, various library problems, go around helping students, etc. 12
                                    • 13. • Ranganathan appreciated the people who were just as hardworking as he was, and one of his weaknesses was that he would judge others by using himself as a measuring rod. He attached the highest value to the character of a person, and only dealt with those people who met his high standards of character. He was not one who easily took the middle road or was open to compromise, and was not one who believed in any time-wasting. However, he still was extremely accessible to all, and was an unassuming man, who always had time for discussion on anything. Contributions S.R. Ranganathan (1892-1972) I am an inventor, educator, librarian, philosopher and mathematician. In 1928 I became involved in the development of the library at the University of Madras. This was a period in library history when the world was grappling with fundamental questions: What is a library? What is library service? I believed that all human activities were susceptible to analysis using the scientific method and that such a careful examination of the phenomena of library work could lead to the formulation of empirical "laws." These are not laws in the sense that, say, the Second Law of Thermodynamics is a law. However, they are more than mere generalities because they are founded on observation and analysis. The principles I enunciate in my 5 Laws of Library Science are the first and, to date, the only clear definition of a library's functions and responsibilities. Although simply stated, the Laws demand contemplation and experience before the richness and import of their meaning will be revealed. The Laws provide essential guidelines for librarians with the potential for planning and providing patron services in 13
                                    • 14. all types of libraries. For a complete examination of these laws, please read my book. This is just a brief summary of my theories. Five Laws of Library Science • Books are for use • Every reader his/her book • Every book, its reader • Save the time of the reader • A library is a growing organism First Law: Books are For Use It is wrong to conclude from my words that books are the only library materials that matter to me. My point is that libraries must acquire materials and make them accessible so they can be used. This law gives definition both to the concept of an open-stack library and to a library that is appointed with tools and furnishings that make the books it contains useful. Books are to be taken from locked back rooms and brought out to welcoming rooms with open shelves. Shelves need to be accessible to more than one user at a time. Libraries are to be located in the midst of their communities. Whatever be the library location, hours of operation, type of furniture and the way in which books are kept, it is the Library Staff that ultimately make or mar a library. A Modern Librarian who has faith in this law is happy only when the readers make the shelves constantly empty. Second Law: Every Reader His or Her Book This law reveals the fundamental issue of tension between the cost of materials and the basic right of all persons to have access t the materials they need. This makes acquisitions very important; each acquisition should call to mind a potential user. One must always be mindful that since no one individual can own all the 'books', the libraries must acquire a body of literature or research materials that will benefit each of its readers and researchers. The collection must be appropriate to the Library's Mission. Librarians must know the materials, its uses, and how to use it. Reference service gains its legitimacy and its purpose from this law. Clearly, it is the business of librarians to 14
                                    • 15. know the reader, to know the books, and to actively help in the finding by every person of his or her book. Third Law: Every Book its Reader This law addresses the fundamental issue of open access. Open access means that the collection can be examined with as much freedom as if it was the reader's private library. In addition, when a library user comes to the library, or gains access to the library's services, there are certain materials that will meet his or her needs. It is the library's job to ensure that the connection between the user and the materials are made, and that the connection is as speedy and practical as possible. There are many ways in which a library can connect its users to its resources: Distribution of acquisition lists New Book displays Providing Research Guides Newsletters Book Lists The use of a structured, well-thought out classification scheme is a necessity for connecting library users to materials, as it ensures uniformity of treatment of various materials on similar topics. Also important is the accurate arrangement of materials, as mis-shelving a book can make it all but invisible to the user. Fourth Law: Save the Time of the Reader Perhaps this law is not so self-evident as the others. None the less, it has been responsible for many reforms in library administration. A Library must examine every aspect of its policies, rules, procedures, and systems with the one simple criteria that saving the time of the reader is vital to the library's mission. Policies must formulate with the needs of the library's user in mind. For example, hours of operation must be set in order to ensure appropriate and convenient access, and the collection must be arranged in an inviting, clear, and obvious way so as not to waste the time of the users. Saving time of the user means providing efficient, thorough access to materials. 15
                                    • 16. Fifth Law: The Library is a Growing Organism The 5th law tells us about the vital and lasting characteristics of the library as an institution and enjoins the need for a constatnt adjustment of our outlook in dealing with it. Libraries grow and change, and will always do so. Collections increase and change, technology changes and budgets change. Change comes along with growth, and in order to be healthy, that change and growth requires flexibility in the management of the collections, in the use of space, in the recruitment, retention and deployment of staff, and the nature of our programs. My Laws Still Apply Today My laws are meant to be elemental, in order to capture essential meaning and to convey a deep understanding of libraries. As libraries change with time these laws are meant to endure. However, I would like to express how these Laws pertain to the present state of information management and access. Books are for Use Limiting access to books has prevailed through time, and exists even today. The maintenance of special collections with limited access, storing materials off- site, restricting access to libraries based on membership or fees, and even by selecting materials that are contracted in such a way as to limit use, such as when print resources are eliminated in favour of an electronic version of the material that is only accessible to certain patrons with passwords, are all modern equivalents of chaining books to the shelves. Another aspect of this first law that is still relevant is that libraries are about service or they are about nothing. In order to deliver and reap the rewards of services, libraries must identify the benefits that society can reasonably expect and then devise means of delivering those benefits. Service always has a purpose, and our careers of service still have purpose. 16
                                    • 17. Every Reader His or Her Book Any library that limits access in any way must ensure that this restriction does not prevent adequate access to the collection by the people that the library was created to serve. Access policies also have implications for interlibrary loan, cooperative acquisitions, and consortia to which the library may belong. Libraries must also be concerned with programs that provide for the preservation of materials in alternate formats, such as microfiche, CD-ROM, and other electronic formats. Librarians need to ask them selves:Which formats are appropriate? Which format will be most useful for the user? What additional hardware or software must be acquired to facilitate their usage? Who will or won't have access? What are the issues surrounding access to printing, passwords, etc? Librarians must acknowledge that users of the libraries, themselves included, use and value different means of communications in the pursuit of knowledge, information and entertainment. Libraries must value all means of preserving and communicating the records and achievements of the human mind and heart. Every Book its Reader In the digital age, getting the 'book' to its reader presents librarians with unique challenges, and the challenges presented by the emergence of electronic resources cannot be overstated! Libraries today must deal with electronic resources that are available 'within' the library but are neither owned nor shelved by the library. Libraries also have the additional challenge of providing access to 'cyber visitors' who use the library's web site for research. Technology, when intelligently applied, is a wonderful, life-enhancing thing. Technology exists to support the mission of librarians to assist in ready and free access to recorded knowledge and information, and to deliver library services effectively. However, technology must be useful, affordable, and cost- effective, and anything beyond that is on the path to dashed expectations and skewed priorities. 17
                                    • 18. Save the Time of the Reader When a library subscribes to electronic resources, appropriate access to them must be provided. When electronic databases are made available to the public, public access terminals and printing resources must also be made available. Naturally, libraries must also make the best use of available IP and networking technology. If materials are stored off-site (which in essence breaks the first law), provision must be made for easy and timely retrieval of those items. Well-planned and executed library handbooks, stack guides, and library tours, or research instruction sessions also serve the goal of saving the time of the reader. The library must also provide adequate staffing of reference, information, and circulation desks, as well as telephone and chat reference. Ultimately, employing the best available technologies to provide quick access to materials saves the time of the reader. The Library is a Growing Organism I have shown, both in my original writings and in the adaptations of those laws to the present, how libraries have changed over time. The most obvious change I've addressed here is the shift to electronic resources. This shift has had a major impact on library funding and budget management. It is a common fallacy among many library administrators (professionals and non-librarians alike) who control library budgets that one way to save money is to merely cancel groups of subscriptions and then restart them in a year or so. As a living organism, libraries consume information, and any cessation in the flow of information starves the organism. Cutting a library off from its resources at any arbitrary point will surely make it ill, and perhaps may even kill it. Positions Held • Member Imperial Library Committee (1932-1934) • Committee on National Central Library (1948) • International Committee Of Library Experts, United Nations (1948) • Faculty, UNESCO International School on Public Librarianship (1948) 18
                                    • 19. • Advisory Committee of INSDOC, New Delhi (1951) • International Committee on Bibliography of UNESCO (1951-1953) • Board of Studies in Library Science, Osmania University (1960) Secretary • Lunch Club, Presidency College, Madras (1922-1923) • Mathematics and Science Section, Madras Teachers' Guild (1922-1923) • Madras Library Association (1928-1948) • Library Service Section of All Asia Educational Conference, Benaras (1930) • Indian Adult Education Association (1949-1953) • FID committee on general classification. (He was also the Chairman of the FID Committee) (1954-1964) President/Chairman • President, Indian Library Association (1944-1953) • Chairman, Documentation Committee of Indian Standards Institution (1947) • Vice President, FID (1953-1956) • Vice President, Indian Adult Education (1953) • Chaiman, FID Committee on General Classificiation. (He was also the Secretary of the FID Committee) (1954-9164) • President, Madras Library Association (1958) • Chairman, Library buildings , fittings and furniture committee of the Indian Standards Institution (1958) • Vice President, FID (1958-1961) • Chairman, Library Committee University Grants Commission, New Delhi (1958-1959) • Chairman, Review Committee on Library Science, University Grants Commission (1960) • Chairman, Library Science Courses Committee, University of Madras (1960) • Chairman, Expert Committee on Library Science, Banaras Hindu University (1960) • Chairman, Committee for Library Science Course, Mysore University (1960) 19
                                    • 20. • Chairman, Preservation of Documents Section, Indian Standards Institution, Kanpur (1961) • Chairman, Committee to draft the Library bill for Mysore State (1962) Founder • Professor B. Ross endowment in Mathematics at the Christian College, Madras (1925) • Abgila (1949) • Library Research Circle, Delhi (1950) • Delhi Seminar in Library Science, University of Delhi (1950) • FID Committee on General Classification (1954) • Annals of Library Science (1956) • MP Library Association (1958) • Documentation Research and Training Center, Bangalore (1962) • Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science (1963) • Library Science with a Slant to Documentation (1965) Editor • Editorial Board, Modern Librarian (1937-1947) • Editorial Board, Indian Librarian (1947) • Abgila , Indian Library Association (1949-1953) • Associate Editor, Libri (1951) • Annals of Library Science (1956-1963) • American Documentation (1959) • Library Science with a Slant to Documentation (1965-1972) Consultant • UNESCO for preparing the place of machinery in literature search (1950) • Jaffna Public Library (1952) • Library Development Plan for Kerala State 20
                                    • 21. Positions held in Conferences/Seminars • President, Pudukkotta Library Conference (1926) • Local Secretary, All India Public Library Conference held in Madras (1927) • President, First Library Conference of Central Provinces and Berar (1946) • President, All India Adult Educational Conference, Mysore (1948) • President, All India Library Conference, Nagpur (1949) • President, Gwalior Library Conference (1950) • Secretary, Seminar on Literature for Neoliterates, Okhla, Delhi (1953) • Director, Seminar on Social Service Research on Libraries (1959) • President, Bengal Library Conference at Nawadwip (1959) • Director, UGC Seminar on Work flow from publisher to reader - workflow in college and university libraries (1959) • Chairman, Indian Library convention, Delhi (1959) Chairman, Documentation Section, Second Indian Standards Convention, Hyderabad (1959) • Director, Govt. of India, Seminar on School Libraries, Bangalore (1962) • Director, Govt. of Andra Pradesh Seminar (1962) • Director, National Seminar , DRTC, Bangalore (1963) • Director, MWF - Masters' course and T, Th and PhD course, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (1964) • Chairman, International Study Conference on Classification, Elsinor, Denmark (1964) • Director, International Seminar on Colon Classification, Rutgers University, USA (1964) Honours/Awards • Rao Sahib Govt. of India (1935) • D.Litt (Honoris causa), Delhi University (1948) • Honorary Fellow, Virginia Bibliographic Society (1951) • Patron, Delhi Library Association (1954) • Honorary member, Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centers (1956) • Padmashree, Govt. of India (1957) 21
                                    • 22. • Honorary Vice President, Library Association, London (1957) • Honorary Fellow, International Federation for Documentation (1957) • D.Litt (Honoris causa), University of Pittsburgh, USA (1964) • National Research Professor for Library science, Govt. of India (1965) • Honorary Fellow, Indian Standards Institution (1967) • Margaret Mann Award, American Library Association (1970) • Grand Knight of Peace , Mark Twain Soceity, USA (1971) Honourary Works • Professor in Library Science, University of madras (1929-1944) • Visiting Lecturer in Library Classification, University of Bombay (1944) • Professor of Library Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (1945-1947) • Member of the Faculty, UNESCO International School for Public Librarianship, Manchester(1948) • Professor in Library Science, University of Delhi (1949-1955) • Visiting Lecturer of Library Schools, United Kingdom (1956) • Visiting Professor of Library Science, Vikram University, Ujjain (1957-1959) • Visiting Lecturer of Library Schools, USA, Canada and Japan (1958) • Honorary Professor, Documentation Research and Training Centre, Bangalore (1962) • Visiting Lecturer of Library Schools, University of Pittsburgh (1964) Publications Prof. S R Ranganathan contributed over 1500 articles to the literature General Works Five Laws of Library Science (First Edition in 1931). Education for Leisure (First edition in 1945). Preface to Library Science (First edition in 1948). Library Service for all (First edition 1965). 22
                                    • 23. Library Organization and Library System Model Library Act (First edition in 1935). Post-War Reconstruction of Libraries in India (First edition in 1944). National Library System: A plan for India (First edition in 1946). Library Development Plan for India (First edition in 1950). Library Legislation, A Handbook to Madras Library Act (First edition in 1953). Education and Library System of the Nation (First edition in 1971). Book Selection Library Book Selection (First edition in 1952). Classification Colon Classification (First edition in 1933). Prolegomena to Library Classification (First edition in 1937). Library Classification: Fundamentals & Procedures (First edition in 1944). Elements of Library Classification (First edtion in 1945). Classification and International Documentation (First edition in 1948). Classification, Coding and Machinery for Search (First edition in 1950). Cataloguing Classified Catalogue Code (First edition in 1934). Dictionary Catalogue Code (First edition in 1945). Library Administration Library Administration (First edition in 1935). Library Organization (First edition in 1946). Library Manual (First edition in 1951). 23
                                    • 24. Thank you Source: http://www.digitallantern.net/school/ranganathan.htm> (March 21, 2004). Anil Kumar Mishra, Information Consultant, Learning Resource Centre (LRC), Indian School of Business (ISB), Hyderabad, India. 24

                                    .....Ranganathan, Shiyali Ramamrita (1892-1972)

                                    Indian mathematician and library scientist. Founder of  "Colon Classification System" and influential thinker within library classification (in the facet analytic approach).
                                     



                                    According to Moss (1964) Ranganathan based his system of five categories (PMEST: Personality, Matter, Energy, Space and Time) on that of Aristotle without recognizing this.

                                    Henning Spang-Hanssen found that Ranganathan's distinction between idea-plane and verbal-plane is problematic because the description of the two planes will lead to one and the same structure. Of this reason there can be no motivation to speak about the two planes. (Quote in Danish:)

                                    ”I diskussionen efter min fremlæggelse af disse synspunkter på seminaret 3.-8. december 1973 nævnte Tor Henriksen, at der kan være en værdi i at skelne mellem indholdssubstans og indholdsform for dermed at kunne parallelisere med Ranganathans 3 planer: Idéplan (indholdssubstans) Verbalplan (indholdsform), Notationsplan (udtryks-form). Jeg finder selve sammenligningen værdifuld, men for mig er spørgsmålet netop, om Idéplanet i klassifikationssystemer er anderledes end Verbalplanet, dvs. om man kan opstille en struktur i idéplanet, som er forskellig fra Verbalplanets. Hvis beskrivelsen af de to planer fører til en og samme struktur, finder jeg det umotiveret at tale om to planer (men man vil til visse formål kunne tale om to sider af planet) .” (Spang-Hanssen, 1974, p. 39)


                                    Lancaster et al.  (1992) write about the way Ranganathan is quoted in the literature:

                                    "Nevertheless, it is also necessary to point out that many of the references are very superficial ones, acknowledging some intellectual debt to Ranganathan without actually explicating Ranganathan's work or even explaining in detail the nature of the debt. A few authors seem to make such non‑substantive references to Ranganathan in more or less every article they write"... (Lancaster et al. 1992, p. 276).

                                    Francis Miksa writes:

                                     "I for one am also tempted to conclude that Ranganathan's faceted universe of subjects has been adopted as much for what appears to be some sort of intuitive correctness as for any other reason, but a claim of this sort is little more than unsupported speculation. Still, one cannot easily miss how nicely his formulation of the facet idea seems to fit certain subject areas, and this may be reason enough to adopt it as a standard approach, regardless of whether it has any sound scientific basis or whether it always serves well. " (Miksa, 1998, p. 75)


                                    Ranganathan is not very much cited in Library and Information Science (LIS) today. A search performed 26-12-2005 made a set of 329  CR=RANGANATHAN SR,? (to compare, the same date in Social SciSearch: 567  CR=INGWERSEN P,?). This low rate of citation of a leading figure may be interpreted in different ways. His influence would probably be larger if measured by citations in textbooks used in schools of LIS. It may also be interpreted as a relatively poor performance of facet analysis compared to other approaches to knowledge organization and information retrieval.  Finally it may be interpreted as a relatively weak representation of library classification compared to retrieval techniques developed in other fields such as computer science.


                                    "Ranganthan in his unique style of design research firmly postulated the categories (in a way rationalist), and claimed they existed until proven otherwise – linking the ontological status of his PMEST to a more pragmatic concept of usefulness. The epistemology, theory, and methodology of this design discourse starts from the assumption of utility based on purpose, not on a rational realism of constantly existing things called categories. When we read Ranganathan, we can see that knowledge of facets is not permanent or fixed. We are told (Ranganathan 1967, 398): One may ask “Why should the Fundamental Ideas [Categories] postulated be five? Why not 3? Why not 6?” It is possible. There is absolute freedom for everybody to try it out. A person may be fond of six. He must classify on the basis of some thousands of assorted articles. If they produce satisfactory results in arranging the subjects of the articles along a line, that postulate may be accepted. This is not a strict rationalist stance, but more of a pragmatic, if not neo-pragmatic epistemic stance and method (cf. Rorty 1982, 1999). Try it, and if it works, if it is useful, don’t worry about real or true. For Ranganathan utility was the final judge. His fundamental categories were used to classify in order to save time for the reader. This interpretation differs from others’, but is an attempt to align an implicit epistemic stance with the technique of writing in order to design a system." (Tennis, 2008, p. 108).

                                    Tennis point out an important contradiction in Ranganathan (or in the interpretation of Ranganathan by Hjørland, 1992). No doubt Ranganathan in the quote above states a pragmatic standpoint. But is there any indication in the methodology of facet analysis that he (or his followers) actually practiced a pragmatic approach. Did he (they) examine the fruitfulness of different systems of categories? (if so: did they argue for the best approach in the literature, or did they just follow their intuitions?). In other terms: Are there scholarly or scientific evidence of a pragmatic approach in the tradition of facet analysis?


                                    Literature:

                                    Afzal, R. K. & Cathrine Pedersen, C. (1993). En analyse af Ranganathans emne- og klassifikationsteori - og dens indflydelse på vidensklassifikation indenfor biblioteks- og informationsvidenskaben. Specialeopgave. Kandidatuddannelsen i Biblioteks- og Informationsvidenskab.


                                    Ellis, D. &  Vasconcelos, A. (1999). Ranganathan and the Net: Using Facet Analysis to Search and Organise World Wide Web. Aslib Proceedings: New Information Perspectives 51(1), 3-10.

                                    Foskett, D. J. (1992). Ranganathan and 'User-Friendliness'. Libri 42(3), 235-241.

                                    Garfield, E. (1984). A tribute to S. R. Ranganathan, the farther of Indian library science. Current Contents, February 6http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v7p037y1984.pdf

                                    Glassel, A. (1998). Was Ranganathan a Yahoo!? End User's Cornerhttp://www.scout.wisc.edu/Projects/PastProjects/toolkit/enduser/archive/1998/euc-9803.html

                                    Hjørland, B. (1992). The Concept of "Subject" in Information Science". Journal of Documentation, 48(2), 172-200.
                                     

                                    Hjørland, B. (1993). Emnerepræsentation og informationssøgning. Et bidrag til en teori på kundskabsteoretisk grundlag. Göteborg: Valfrid.

                                    Ingwersen, P. & Wormell, I. (1992). Ranganathan in the perspective of advanced information retrieval. Libri42, 184-201.

                                    Lancaster, F. W., Zeter, M. J., & Metzler, L. (1992). Ranganathan's influence examined bibliometrically. Libri, 42(3), 268­281.

                                    Metcalfe, J. (19739. When is a Subject not a Subject? IN: Towards a theory of Librarianship. Ed. by Conrad H. Rawski. New York: Scarecrow Press.


                                    Miksa, F. (1997). Influence of Mathematics on Classification Theory of S.R. Ranganathan. In Knowledge Organization for Information Retrieval. Proceedings of the Sixth International Study Conference on Classification Research Held at University College London, 16-18 June 1997, pp. 167-179. FID 716. Hague: International Federation for Information and Documentation.

                                    Miksa, F. (1998). The DDC, the Universe of Knowledge, and the Post-Modern Library. Albany, NY: Forest Press.

                                    Moss, R. (1964). Categories and Relations: Origins of Two Classification Theories. American Documentation, 296-301.

                                    Ranganathan, S. R. (1931The Five Laws of Library ScienceMadras Library Association (Madras, India) and Edward Goldston (London, UK).

                                    Ranganathan, S. R. (1933). Colon Classification. Madras: Madras Library Association. (1st edition).  

                                    Ranganathan, S. R. (1937). Prolegomena to Library Classification. The Madras Library Association. 2nd Ed, The MadrasLibrary Association, 1957. 3rd edition. London: Asia Publishing House, 1967. Digital version available at:
                                    http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/1151/

                                    Ranganathan, S. R. (1944). Library Classification: Fundamental and Procedure with 1008 Graded Examples and Exercises. Madras: The Madras Library Association.

                                    Ranganathan, S. R. (1945). Elements of Library Classification. Poona: N. K. Publishing House. (2nd Ed., Asia Publishing House, 1960; 3rd Ed. Asia Publishing House, 1962).
                                     

                                    Ranganathan, S. R. (1948). Preface to Library Science. Delhi: University of Delhi.
                                     

                                    Ranganathan, S. R. (1951aClassification and CommunicationUniversity of Delhi (Delhi, India).

                                    Ranganathan, S. R. (1951bDocumentation Genesis and DevelopmentVikas Publishing House (Delhi, India).

                                    Ranganathan, S. R. (1951c). Philosophy of Library Classification. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

                                    Ranganathan S. R. (1953). Depth Classification and Reference Services and Reference Material, Indian LibraryAssociation.

                                    Ranganathan, S. R. (1957). The Five Laws of Library Science. 1st edition: Madras Library Association, 1931. 2ed. edition. London: Blunt & Sons.
                                     

                                    Ranganathan, S. R. (1965). Classified Catalogue Code with additional rules for dictionary catalogue code. 5th edition. Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1965.  (Ranganathan series in Library Science, 12).
                                     

                                    Ranganathan, S. R. (1960). Colon Classification. 6th edition. London: Asia Publishing House. [7.ed. ed. by M. P. Satija, 1989]

                                    Ranganathan, S. R. (1967Prolegomena to Library ClassificationAsia Publishing House (New York).

                                    Ranganathan, S. R. (1989Philosophy of Library ClassificationSarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science (Bangalore, India).

                                    Samurin, E. I. (1967). Geschichte der bibliotekarisch-bibliographischen Klassifikation. Band I-II. München: Verlag Dokumentation.
                                     

                                    Sharma, P. S. K. (1978). Treatment of Indian philosophy and religions in Colon Classification. International Library Review, 10, 283-300.


                                    Spang-Hanssen, H. (1974). Kunnskapsorganisasjon, informasjonsgjenfinning, automatisering og språk. In:Kunnskapsorganisasjon og informasjonsgjenfinning. Oslo: Riksbibliotektjenesten, pp. 11–61. Spang_Hanssen_1974.pdf
                                     

                                    Tennis, Joseph T. (2008). Epistemology, Theory, and Methodology in Knowledge Organization: Toward a Classification, Metatheory, and Research Framework. Knowledge Organization, 35(2/3), 102-112.


                                    See also: Chain indexing (Lifeboat for KO); Colon Classification (Lifeboat for KO);  Facet and facet analysis (Lifeboat for KO).

                                    Generic group: Information science, biography

                                     ..............................................................

                                    DR. S .R .RANGANATHAN

                                    FATHER OF INDIAN LIBRARY SCIENCE




                                    1. NAME: Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan
                                    2. LIFE SPAN: 1892-1972.

                                      Ranganathan Was Born in 1892 in Shiyali in The Tanjur district Of Madras State.
                                      His Family Belonged to the Brahman Community.
                                    3. QUALIFICATION: M.A.(maths) -- then Librarianship.

                                      He received his B.A. in 1913, and an M.A. in Mathematics in 1916.

                                      In 1917,he received a Professional Teaching Certificate from Teacher's College, Saidapet, Madras.
                                      He then taught Physics and Mathematics at Government College ,Mangalore; Government College, Coimbatore;
                                      and Presidency College, Madras.

                                      Then he studied at the School of Librarianship, University College, London , under W.C. Berwick Sayers,
                                      the chief librarian of the Croydon Public Library.

                                      Ranganathan received an honors certificate from the school at the end of his stay.
                                    4. WIFE: Sarada Ranganathan

                                      Sarada Ranganathan Endowment trust for Library Science, founded by Ranganathan in honor of his wife.
                                      The purpose of the endowment is to promote and publish research in library science.
                                    5. CONTRIBUTION:

                                      THE FIVE LAWS OF LIBRARY SCIENCE,
                                      These were published in 1931.
                                      The five laws are the following simple statements:
                                      1) Books Are For Use,
                                      2) Every Reader His Book,
                                      3) Every Book Its Reader,
                                      4) Save The Time Of The Reader,
                                      5) A Library Is A Growing Organism

                                      COLON CLASSIFICATION
                                      Not until 1933 did Ranganathan publish his first major work on his new classification system ,The Colon Classification.

                                      Its basic principles,however, require the analysis of a subject to determine its various
                                      aspects, called facets, and the synthesis of a class number from the numbers assigned in published schedules to different facets.
                                      Thus, Colon Classtilcation is known as an analytico -synthetic classification system.

                                      Ranganathan was the first to fully explicate facet theory,and his work has had a major impact on modern classification schemes

                                      CLASSIFIED CATALOGUE CODE
                                      In 1934, just a year after The Colon Classification came out, Ranganathan published another important work, the Classified Catalogue Code.

                                      Ranganathan maintained, however,that a catalog should consist of two components:-
                                      One part should be classified by subject, reflecting the library's classification system, with class number entries.
                                      The other should be a dictionary catalog, including author,title, series, and similar identifiers, as well as alphabetized subject entries.

                                      The function of a catalog is to itemize works so they can be found by author, title, series, and so forth. It must also allow readers to review the selection of works on a given subject

                                      CHAIN INDEXING
                                      To determine subject entries for the dictionary catalog, Ranganathan devised an ingeniously Simple method called chain indexing.

                                      This method simply uses each facet of a subject, together with its immediately preceding facets, as an index entry.
                                      Thus, all important aspects of the subject, from the most general to the most specific, are automatically covered.
                                      Chain indexing can be adapted to other classification systems as well.
                                    6. PUBLICATIONS:
                                      Although Ranganathan's works on classification and cataloging are his best recognized contributions, he published over 50 books and 1,000 papers on all aspects .

                                      In 1935, he published the first edition of his influential book, LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION , in which he broke down library Work into approximately 1,000 component jobs
                                      By precisely identifying many different library functions, he was able to simplify and streamline library routine.

                                      He also wrote extensively on the physical layout and furnishings of libraries.

                                      In addition, he founded and edited three periodicals:
                                      1. The Indian Library Association Annals, Bulletin,and Granthalaya(the Hindi component of the journal); 
                                      2. The Annals of Library Science;
                                      3. &
                                      4. Library Science with a Slant to Documentation
                                    7. CONTRIBUTIONS TO LIBRARY SCIENCE EDUCATION
                                      Ranganathan worked tirelessly to professionalize library education in India.
                                      One of his first achievements,in 1929, was to found a library school that was later incorporated into the University of Madras.
                                      He also instituted a master of library science degree in 1948 and a doctoral program in 1950, both at the University of Delhi.
                                      These were the first higher degree programs in library science offered in India, and probably in any of the Commonwealth countries.
                                      Ranganathan greatly influenced the curricula and textbooks for such courses.

                                      Ranganathan's crowning accomplishment in library education was to found the Documentation Research and Training Centre at Bangalore, under the auspices of the Indian Statistical Institute.
                                      The center, is devoted solely to research and advanced training in documentation and information science.

                                      Ever since his return from England, Ranganathan had hoped to establish a Western-style network of public libraries througho ut India.
                                      His first step toward achieving this end was to form the Madras Library Association in 1928, to promote development of public libraries in the state of Madras.

                                      He also drafted specific legislation to extend the public library system beyond the state of Madras into other areas of India.

                                      In 1950, he published an influential work detailing plans for a system of national, state, university,public, and school libraries for the entire country.
                                    8. COMMITMENT TO LIBRARY SCIENCE

                                      Ranganathan's activity level throughout his lifetime reflects a total, selfless commitment to library science.

                                      During his 20 years of service as librarian of the University of Madras,he took no leave.
                                      He worked even on his wedding day, returning to the library shortly after the ceremony.

                                      When he retired from the Madras University library, it was only to accept a series of appointments at other Indian universities and to step up his involvement in international activities.

                                      He remained actively engaged in research until his death in 1972 at the age of 80.

                                      Although Ranganathan is widely acknowledged as the father of library science in India,his activities extended well beyond his country's borders.

                                      In addition to attending many international library and information science conferences, he traveled extensively on lecture tours to library science schools throughout the US and Europe.

                                      He also participated in the activities of such international organizations as UNESCO, the International Federation of Library Associations, and the International Standards Organization.

                                      He played a key role in setting policy for the United Nations Library and he devoted much effort to international Standardization of documentation

                                      He also involved himself in every aspect of library work in India.
                                      In the course of his career, he was a member or chairman of more than 25 committees which ad- dressed such issues as library administration, education of librarians,and library legislation.
                                    9. CAREER

                                      Ranganathan held several important offices in India during his long career.

                                      He served as president of the Indian Library Association from 1944 to 1953 and
                                      as president of the Madras Library Association from 1958 to 1967.
                                      He also served as vice president of the Governing Council of the Indian Standards Institute from 1965 to 1972.

                                      Although Ranganathan is widely acknowledged as the father of library science in India,his activities Extended well beyond his country's borders.
                                      In addition to attending many international library and information science conferences, he traveled extensively on lecture tours to library science schools throughout the US and Europe.

                                      He also participated in the activities of such international organizations as UNESCO, the International Federation of Library Associations, and the International Standards Organization.

                                      He played a key role in setting policy for the United Nations Library and he devoted much effort to international Standardization of documentation.
                                      He was particularly active in the International Federation for Documentation (FID).

                                      He founded the FI committee on classification theory, served as vice president of the FID coun cil, and was elected an honorary member of FID.

                                      He also became honorary chairman of the FID committee on classification research
                                    10. HONOURS RECEIVED

                                      Ranganathan's contributions were acknowledged 1964, he was named honorary president of the Second International Conference on Classification Research, Held in Elsinore, Denmark.

                                      He also received a number of other high honors.

                                      In 1935 and 1957, respectively,the Indian government bestowed on him the honorific title Rao Sahib and the public service award Padmashri.
                                      In 1948, he received an honorary doctorate of literature from the University of Delhi.
                                      In 1964, he received the same degree from the University of Pittsburgh.
                                      In 1965, he was made a national research professor by the Indian government, and in 1970, he received the Margaret Mann Citation in Cataloging and Classification of the American Library Association(ALA). In 1965,
                                      and in 1967, in honor of his seventy-first birthday, his colleagues published published two volumes of aestschrt dedicated to him.

                                      After his death, the FID,in 1976, established the Ranganathan award in his memory. This certificate of merit is awarded biennially for a recent outstanding contribution in the field of classification,
                                    11. LIFE STYLE

                                      Besides his great capacity for work, Ranganathan was renowned for his abstemious life-style.

                                      In spite of the good salary he earned, he adopted a Gandhi-like simplicity in diet and dress. He ate only lightly, shunned coffee and tea, and wore plain homespun garments.

                                      He usually walked barefoot to the library and worked there barefoot, saying that the library was his home, and no one wears shoes in his own home.

                                      As for his real home, it was sparsely furnished and lacked electricity, although he could have easily afforded these amenities.

                                      The money he saved through years of frugal living, he gave away twice:-
                                      In 1925 to endow a mathematics fellowship at Madras Christian College in honor of his mathematics professor, Edward B.Ross, and
                                      In 1956 to endow the Sarada Ranganathan chair of library science at the University of Madras in honor of his wife.


                                      This self-abnegation and devotion to work were grounded in a deep spirituality.

                                      As T.R. Seshadri,an associate of Ranganathan, writes, "Ranganathan was born and brought up at a time when spirituality and religion still continued to be the mainsprings of Iife."

                                      Some of his followers viewed him as a yogi.
                                      He concentrated his whole body, mind, and soul on the discipline of library science, so they felt he had embraced it as a path to spiritual perfection.

                                    Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan

                                    Article Free Pass

                                    Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan,  (born Aug. 9, 1892, Shiyali, Madras, India—died Sept. 27, 1972Bangalore, Mysore), Indian librarian and educator who was considered the father oflibrary science in India and whose contributions had worldwide influence.
                                    Ranganathan was educated at the Hindu High School in Shiyali, at Madras Christian College (where he took B.A. and M.A. degrees in mathematics in 1913 and 1916), and at Teachers College, Saidapet. In 1917 he joined the faculty of Government College, Mangalore. He subsequently taught at Government College, Coimbatore, in 1920 and at Presidency College,University of Madras, in 1921–23. In 1924 he was appointed first librarian of the University of Madras, and in order to fit himself for the post he traveled to England to study at University College, London. He took up the job at Madras in earnest in 1925 and held it until 1944. From 1945 to 1947 he served as librarian and as professor of library science at Hindu University in Vārānasi (Banaras), and from 1947 to 1954 he taught at the University of Delhi. During 1954–57 he was engaged in research and writing in Zürich. He returned to India in the latter year and served as visiting professor at Vikram University, Ujjain, until 1959. In 1962 he founded and became head of the Documentation Research and Training Centre in Bangalore, with which he remained associated for the rest of his life, and in 1965 he was honoured by the Indian government with the title of national research professor in library science.
                                    Ranganathan’s chief technical contributions to library science were in classification and indexing theory. His Colon Classification (1933) introduced a system that is widely used in research libraries around the world and that has affected the evolution of such older systems as the Dewey Decimal Classification. Later he devised the technique of “chain indexing” for deriving subject-index entries. Other works of his included Classified Catalogue Code (1934),Prolegomena to Library Classification (1937), Theory of the Library Catalogue (1938), Elements of Library Classification (1945), Classification and International Documentation (1948), Classification and Communication (1951), and Headings and Canons (1955). His Five Laws of Library Science (1931) was widely accepted as a definitive statement of the ideal of library service. He also drafted plans for a national and several state library systems, founded and edited several journals, and was active in numerous professional associations.

                                    Dr. S. R. Ranganathan

                                    All the libraries, book sellers and library software companies owe a part to Dr. S. R. Ranganathan for his contribution to the field of library movement in India. This page is dedicated to Dr. SRR.  


                                    Dr. S. R. Ranganathan is admired to be the father of Library Science movement in India. His five laws of library science are ever green. 
                                    1. Books are for use
                                    2. Every book it's reader
                                    3. Every reader his book
                                    4. Save the time of the reader
                                    5. A library is a growing organism
                                    We at Easylib pay our homage to Dr. S. R. Ranganathan by trying to implement the features in Easylib that help you implement his laws successfully at your library. 
                                    Here is biography of Dr. S. R. Ranganathan for your reading.

                                    SHIYALI RAMAMRITA RANGANATHAN


                                    Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan was born on August 9, 1892 at Shiyali, Madras, India and died on September 27, 1972. He was considered to be the father of library science in India and his work has had a profound influence worldwide. Ranganathan is considered by some as the greatest librarian of the twentieth century and to have contributed to the many connections between libraries throughout the world.
                                    Ranganathan began his career as a mathematician and became a librarian in 1924, at the University of Madras. Ranganathan attended the University College of London from 1924 to 1925 in order to prepare for his work at the University of Madras. During his time in London, Ranganathan visited and studied public libraries, as well as college libraries, across Great Britain. The observations and studies Ranganathan made during his stay in Great Britain helped him to focus on subjects such as cataloging, c lassification and reference services. He appreciated the potential libraries had for helping societies to grow and flourish and this awareness helped Ranganathan in his lifelong promotion of libraries and library services.
                                    Ranganathan focused his research on library services when he returned to India and developed his Five Laws of Library Science which helped changed the role of public and private libraries, as well as those in colleges and universities throughout the world. Ranganathan saw libraries as places of service and librarians as both scholars and teachers. Ranganathan was aware of the need for India and other countries to have literate populations and this must have been a significant influence in his life long focus on library services.
                                    In addition to his work on library services, Ranganathan made considerable contributions to library understanding and use through his development of the Colon Classification system and the techniques of chain indexing for subject-index entries. Both of these techniques have had significant influence and impact on library systems throughout the world and continue to have impact as libraries grow and change in the modern electronic environment.
                                    Bibliography
                                    Kuronen, Timo, and Paivi Pekkarinen. "Ranganathan Revisited: A Review Article". Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 31 (1) (March 1999): 45-48.
                                    Atherton, Pauline A. Putting Knowledge to Work: An American View of Ranganathans Five Laws of Library Science. Bombay, India: Vikas Publishing House PYT LTD, 1973.
                                    The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. "Ranganathan, Shiyali Ramamrita".
                                    Created December 3, 1999
                                    Authored by Margaret Pruiett. Contact at (mpruiett@utk.edu)