इस ब्लॉग्स को सृजन करने में आप सभी से सादर सुझाव आमंत्रित हैं , कृपया अपने सुझाव और प्रविष्टियाँ प्रेषित करे , इसका संपूर्ण कार्य क्षेत्र विश्व ज्ञान समुदाय हैं , जो सभी प्रतियोगियों के कॅरिअर निर्माण महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान देगा ,आप अपने सुझाव इस मेल पत्ते पर भेज सकते हैं - chandrashekhar.malav@yahoo.com

13 Electronic Databases: Citation Indexes  

2. Objectives:

• To know how to establish the value of a research paper based upon their total number of citations by subsequent researchers.
• How  to ensure access to articles published in local Indian R&D literature at national & global level.
• How  to analyse a citation on different parameters. Citation analysis is the examination of the frequency, patterns, and graphs of citations in articles and books.
• How to establish links to other works or other researchers.

3. INTRODUCTION

A citation index basically consists of a bibliographical database, an index of citations between publications which allow the user to easily establish which later documents have cited which earlier documents. As research is a continuous process, citations establish a link with prior research which has taken place in a particular field. Citations have emerged as strong areas of information for social scientists as they allow them to understand the pattern of research. Citation indexes   further enable social scientists to   establish the value of a research paper based upon their total number of citations by subsequent researchers.

According to Wikipedia the first citation indices were legal citators such as Shepard's Citations (1873). In 1960, Eugene Garfield's Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) introduced the first citation index for papers published in academic journals, first the Science Citation Index (SCI), and later the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) and the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (AHCI). The first automated citation indexing was done by Cite Seer in 1997. Other sources for such data include Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar.

3.1 Citation Analysis

Citation analysis allows to analyses a citation on different parameters. Citation analysis is the examination of the frequency, patterns, and graphs of citations in articles and books. It uses citations in scholarly works to establish links to other works or other researchers. Citation analysis is one of the most widely used methods of bibliometrics. For example, bibliographic coupling and co-citation are association measures based on citation analysis (shared citations or shared references).

Automated citation indexing has changed the nature of citation analysis research, allowing millions of citations to be analyzed for large-scale patterns and knowledge discovery.

Today citation analysis tools are easily available to compute various impact measures for scholars based on data from citation indices. Web of Science, Scopus and Google allow complete analysis of citation and generate a variety of data which helps a researcher to understand the importance of a research work.  These tools also generate the impact factor of a scholarly journal on the basis of number of times its papers have been cited by other scholars and researchers. Database like Web of Science and Scopus also provide links  to  the full text of the  citing  papers and can be accessed  by the researchers if  same are subscribed by their institutions.

Citation analysis also allows a researcher to know the research output of a particular institution, the subject areas covered and their yearly growth. It also enables a researcher to know about funding agencies, collaboration among authors, number self –citations and kind of document in which research has appeared.

3.2 Need for Citations

Citation analysis allows to analyses a citation on different parameters. Citation analysis is the examination of the frequency, patterns, and graphs of citations in articles and books. It uses citations in scholarly works to establish links to other works or other researchers. Citation analysis is one of the most widely used methods of bibliometrics. For example, bibliographic coupling and co-citation are association measures based on citation analysis (shared citations or shared references).

Automated citation indexing has changed the nature of citation analysis research, allowing millions of citations to be analyzed for large-scale patterns and knowledge discovery.

4. Citation Importance

Citations have emerged as strong areas of information for social scientists as they allow them to understand the pattern of research. Citation indexes   further enable social scientists to   establish the value of a research paper based upon their total number of citations by subsequent researchers.Citation analysis also allows a researcher to know the research output of a particular institution, the subject areas covered and their yearly growth. It also enables a researcher to know about funding agencies, collaboration among authors, number self –citations and kind of document in which research has appeared.

4.1 Citation Analysis Databases

Some of the important citation analysis databases available commercially are as under:

1. Web of Science  
2. Scopus
3. Google Scholar

4.2 Web of Science:

Web of Science ® provides researchers, administrators, faculty, and students with quick, powerful access to the world's leading citation databases.  Authoritative, multidisciplinary content covers over 12,000 of the highest impact journals worldwide, including Open Access journals and over 150,000 conference proceedings.  You'll find current and retrospective coverage in the sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities, with coverage to 1900.

1. With Web of Science we can find high-impact articles and conference proceedings.
2. Uncover relevant results in related fields.
3. Discover emerging trends that help you pursue successful research and grant acquisition.
4. Identify potential collaborators with significant citation records.
5. Integrate searching, writing, and bibliography creation into one streamlined process

We can use the Web of Science database (composed of Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts & Humanities Citation Index) to find the citation count for a specific article.

To use Web of Science, follow these steps:

1. Visit the http://thomsonreuters.com/products_services/science/science_products/a-z/web_of_science/. Click "Go." 

2. A direct link to Web of Science will be at the top of your search results: click that link to enter the database, then click on "Cited Reference Search."

 

 3. In Cited Reference Search, you will need to enter information about your article. For example, we could use Cited Reference Search to locate the following citation:

Leggett, Anthony J. The quantum measurement problem.  Science v. 307, n. 5711, pp. 871-872, 2005.

4. Cited Reference Search produces a list of articles.  Some of the articles will not be what you want.  Match the citation information to an article on the list.  In this case, we know we are looking for an article by Leggett in volume 307 of Science, published in 2005.  Place a check mark next to the correct article, and click "Finish Search."

 5. The final result is a list of articles that have cited the article:

 

4.3 Scopus

Scopus is a product of ElsevierInc. is the world’s largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature with smart tools that track, analyze and visualize research. Easy to use and comprehensive, Scopus is designed to quickly find the information researchers need. Tools to sort refine and quickly identify results help you focus on the outcome of your work. You can spend less time mastering databases and more time on research.

Scopus provide a citation count for a specific article. To use Scopus, follow these steps:

1.  Visit Scopus at the http://www.info.sciverse.com/scopus/

2.  In Online Journals & Databases, enter "Scopus" in the search box and click "Search." 

 

3.When you get into Scopus, enter the information you have about the author or article for which you are searching. For example, we could search for the following:

Leggett, Anthony J. The quantum measurement problem. Science v. 307, n. 5711, pp. 871-872, 2005.

4. Scopus tries to locate the article for which you are searching. Look at the record(s) Scopus produces to be sure that it has given you the correct article. Look to the right of the record for the number of times the article has been cited. Click on that number to see the list of articles that have cited the article for which you searched. 

5. The final result is a list of articles that have cited the article. 

4.4 Google Scholar

If you search for an article in Google Scholar, you can view both articles and book chapters that have cited a work.  To useGoogle Scholar, follow these steps:

• Visit Google Scholar at http://scholar.google.com.  Google Scholar looks a lot like the regular Google interface. However, when you search Google Scholar, you are at the web address (http://scholar.google.com). When using Google Scholar, you are searching within a selection of journals and book titles.
• Select "Advanced Scholar Search" to search for a specific article.

5. Guidelines for Citations

Some of the guidelines are as under.

1. Web of Science  
2. Scopus
3. Google Scholar

6. Salient Feature of Citations

1. Citation analyses are easily available to compute various impact measures for scholars based on data from citation indices.
2. Web of Science, Scopus and Google allow complete analysis of citation and generate a variety of data which helps a researcher to understand the importance of a research work.
3. Citations also generate the impact factor of a scholarly journal on the basis of number of times its papers have been cited by other scholars and researchers.
4. Database like Web of Science and Scopus also provide links  to  the full text of the  citing  papers and can be accessed  by the researchers if  same are subscribed by their institutions.
5. Citation analysis also allows a researcher to know the research output of a particular institution, the subject areas covered and their yearly growth.
6. It also enables a researcher to know about funding agencies, collaboration among authors, number self –citations and kind of document in which research has appeared.