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13. Open Access and Digital Library
P- 01. Digital Libraries*
By :Jagdish Arora, Paper Coordinator
Multiple Choice Questions
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Question 1: Multiple Choice
CCAL stands for___________________
Cloud Computing and Library
Creative Commons Attribution License
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Question 2: Multiple Choice
Following is open access electronic books initiative.
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Question 3: Multiple Choice
OARiNZ is_________________
1 / 1 Points
Question 4: Multiple Choice
What is U-Now?
1 / 1 Points
Question 5: Multiple Choice
________________is repository of electronic preprints of scientific papers in the fields of physics, mathematics , Computer Science
2 / 5 PointsFinal Score:
Question 1: Matching (Simple)
Match Following
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0.5 / 1 PointsFinal Score:
1.0 Introduction
Open access has emerged as an alternative model of scholarly publishing which was caused on one hand by the phenomenon called “serials crisis” which refers to the exponential and continuing increase in subscription cost of scholarly journals, and the other hand by advent and proliferation of the Internet, new e-publishing models and standards. The open access movement, primarily launched to break the monopoly of Science, Technology and Medical (STM) publishers, turn out as an inventive mode of scholarly communication. These advances in the open access publishing world are enriching the digital library technology. Open access publishing modes are expanding their presence and realize the digital library idea in various means. (Tsakonas 2007). It provides universal access to rich full-text contents of scholarly works, public funded research, traditional knowledge, and documentary heritage collections in form of digital library. The term digital library is vast, covers many and different applications and has been used interchangeably for systems, like digitized collections, institutional repositories, subject repositories, e-journals platforms, network databases, library websites, etc. Institutional repositories and open access journals are two primary routes to provide open access to scholarly literature. Institutional repositories refer to archives of self-deposited and freely available various kinds of publications, such as, pre-prints and post-prints of journal articles, research reports, conference papers, theses, dissertations, seminar presentations, working papers and other scholarly items. The open access journals refer to free from subscription, legal and technical barrier. The cost of journal publishing is borne by the authors, their institutions or sponsoring organizations. Metadata Harvester and Open Courseware (OCW) are new initiatives in this vicinity. This module briefly introduces the philosophy of open access and digital libraries. It also describes world-wide digital library initiatives to provide open access to scholarly research. It then discusses recent developments in technologies that can help to build digital libraries which facilitate better access to and dissemination of knowledge.
2.0 Digital Library
Digital library is one of the most complex and advanced form of information systems that can serve as a rich resource to its user community. It collects, manages and preserves rich digital content, and provides its access to user communities.
Digital libraries are organizations that provide the resources, including the specialized staff, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the integrity of, and ensure the persistence over time of collections of digital works so that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities [DLFS99].
The digital library is not a single entity; The digital library requires technology to link the resources of many services that are transparent to the end users; Universal access to digital libraries and information services is a goal; Digital library collections are not limited to document surrogates: they extend to digital artefacts that cannot be represented or distributed in printed formats (ARL, 1995).
The digital library is the collection of services and the collection of information objects that support users in dealing with information objects available directly or indirectly via electronic/digital means (Leiner, 1998)
3.0 Open Access
Open access is scholarly publication model which provides unrestricted, free, immediate and online access to peer-reviewed scholarly research along with the rights to use it. Users are free to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full-texts of scholarly literature available through open access platform. The only role of copyright is to control over the integrity of author’s work.
According to Suber, “the Budapest (February 2002), Bethesda (June 2003) and the Berlin (October 2003) definitions of ‘open access’ are the most central and influential for the OA movement.” He defines open access literature simply as “digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions.”
The American Research Libraries Association (ARL) Task Force defines open access as “a cost effective way to disseminate and use information. It is an alternative to the traditional subscription-based publishing model made possible by new digital technologies and networked communication”.
4.0 Characteristics of Open Access
The characteristics associated with open access are as follows (Arora, 2004):
i) Pay to publish, not to access. Cost of publication and distribution of articles is borne by from producers of scholarship (authors or institutions), or funding organizations, rather than by users / readers;
ii) Access to publication in open access is more democratic. Web-based open access repositories are accessible to all users without any restrictions;
iii) The author rather than the publisher owns copyright in the open access model. Users are granted permission for unrestricted reading, downloading, copying, sharing, etc. Authors may choose to block commercial re-use of contents;
iv) Open access journals, like traditional journals, conduct peer review of submitted articles; and
v) Most of the publishers of open access journal are non-profit (e.g. Public Library of Science or PLoS) while a few are for-profit (e.g. BioMed Central or BMC).
5.0 Major Open Access Declarations
There major international statement made on open access are namely i) The Budapest Open Access Initiative statement in the meeting of the Open Society in 2002, ii) The Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing in 2003, and iii) The Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities in October 2003. Other major statements, declaration or commitment of open access made by several societies, national and international institutions, universities, library associations and other organizations are as follows:
- ACRL Principles and Strategies for the Reform of Scholarly Communication, August 2003
- Australian Group of Eight Statement on open access to scholarly information, May 2004
- OECD Declaration on Access to Research Data from Public Funding, January 2004; (Signed by more than thirty nations)
- UN World Summit on the Information Society Declaration of Principles and Plan of Action, December 2003
- The Washington DC Principles for Free Access to Science, March 2004
- Wellcome Trust Position Statement on Open Access, October 2003.
- Alhambra Declaration on OA. Policies for the development of OA in South European countries, May 2010
- IFLA Statement on open access – clarifying IFLA’s position and strategy, April 2011.IFLA Statement on Open Access, December 2003
- Ghent Declaration, February 2011
- LERU Roadmap towards OA. Advice Paper, June 2011
- SPARC Europe Statement on Open Access for EC Public Hearing on Access to and Preservation of Scientific Information, Luxembourg, May 2011
- The Joint Declaration on Open Science for the 21st Century from ALLEA, April 2012
- ERCIM Statement on Open Access (European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics)
- NKC Statements on Open Access (National Knowledge Commission, India)
6.1 Open Access Journals
Open-access journals is considered as golden route for providing access to peer-reviewed literature in electronic format free of charge without any restriction of access over the Web. Major open journals initiatives are as follows:
Sl No
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Initiatives
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URL
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No. of Journals
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1
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Directory of Open Access Journals
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9744
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2
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BioMed Central
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http://www.biomedcentral.com/
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258
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3
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PubMed Central
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
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1445+
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4
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PLoS
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http://www.plos.org/
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7
|
5
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Bioline International
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http://www.bioline.org.br/
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36
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6
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Electronic Journals Library
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38483
| |
7
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SHERPA
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102
| |
8
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Society Publishers with Open Access Journals
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602
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9
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Open J-Gate
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http://openj-gate.org/
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3000+
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Indian Initiatives:
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10
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Indian Academy of Science
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11
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11
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Indian National Science Academy
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http://www.insa.ac.in/
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4
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12
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The National Academy of Science, India
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http://www.nasi.org.in/abst.htm
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3
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13
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Indian Medlars Centre
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66
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14
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NISCAIR Research Journals
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http://www.niscair.res.in/sciencecommunication/researchjournals/rejour/rejour1.htm
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17
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15
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Indianjournals.com
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10
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16
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Medknow Publications
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41
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17
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Kamla-Raj Enterprises
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21
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18
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Open Journal Systems@INFLIBNET Centre
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14
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6.2 Institutional Repositories (IR)
Institutional repositories are a web-based archive of scholarly material designed to organize and provide seamless access to scholarly publications produced by faculty or researchers of an institution in all subject disciplines. It is also define as institution-based digital-asset management system. Institutional Repository is cost-effective and immediate route to provide access to scholarly literature such as research papers and electronic versions of documents, theses and dissertations as well as digital assets generated by an institution such as annual reports, course notes, or learning objects, etc. There are total 3594 world-wide repositories indexed by Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR) which includes 99 Indian repositories. Directory of Open Access Repositories has indexed total 2500 world-wide repositories including 62 Indian repositories. Top ten world-wide and Indian repositories are as follow.
Sl No.
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Institutional Repositories-World
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URL
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1
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Arxiv.org e-Print Archive
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2
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Social Science Research Network
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3
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(1) Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System
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4
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Europe PubMed Central
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5
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Research Papers in Economics
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6
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CiteSeerX
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7
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HAL Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique Archive Ouverte
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8
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University of California eScholarship Repository
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9
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CERN Document Server
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10
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Virginia Tech University Digital Library and Archives
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Indian Initiatives
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11
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Open Access Repository Publications of Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
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12
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Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Institutional Repository
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13
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Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Institutional Repository
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14
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National Institute of Oceanography India Digital Repository
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15
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Information and Library Network Centre Institutional Repository
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16
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National Institute of Technology Rourkela eThesis
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17
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Openmed National Informatics Centre India
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18
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International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Open Access Repository
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19
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Indian Institute of Astrophysics Institutional Repository
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20
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National Aerospace Laboratories Institutional Repository
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6.3 Electronic Books
An Ebook is an electronic version of a printed book which can be read on a computer or a specifically designed handheld device. Major initiatives towards open access electronic books are as follows:
Sl No.
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Name of Resources
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URL
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No. of E-books
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1
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Project Gutenberg
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42000
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2
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Open Content Alliance
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64
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3
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Google Book Search Library Project
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21
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4
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HathiTrust Digital Library
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5712433
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5
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American Association of University Presses
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25
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6
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Directory of Open Access Books
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1806
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7
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OAPEN
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http://www.oapen.org
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2045
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Indian Initiatives
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8
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Digital Library of India
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480335
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6.4 Open Courseware
Open Courseware is the name given to open educational resources that are presented in course format, often including course planning materials, such as syllabi and course calendars, along with content, such as textbooks, lectures, presentations, notes and simulations. Open Educational Resources are materials developed by experienced educators that are available for use, repurposing, and modification, in whole or in part, by everyone, everywhere in the world.
Sl No.
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Open CourseWare Initiatives
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URL
|
1
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Open Yale Courseware
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2
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MIT OpenCourseWare
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3
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U-Now
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4
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University of Michigan Open Courseware
| |
5
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Open CourseWare Consortium
| |
6
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OpenLearn (OU)
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Indian Initiatives
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1
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4.6.4 ePG Pathshala
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2
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4.6.1 NPTEL
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3
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4.6.2 e-Gyankosh
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4
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4.6.3 Learning Object Repository CEC
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6.5 Metadata Harvesting
Harvesting refers to the activity of searching and collecting metadata from Open Archives Initiative (OAI) Institutional Repositories whose content is indexed and posted for open use from a World Wide Web server. A metadata harvesting service harvests or indexes metadata from open access initiative (OAI) compliant archives or repositories through harvesting software that supports a protocol known as the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH).
Sl No.
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Name
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URL
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1
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OaISTER
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2
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Arxiv
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http://arxiv.org/help/oa/index
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3
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OARiNZ
| |
4
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ACRL
| |
5
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NCSTRL
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http://www.ncstrl.org/
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Indian Initiatives
| ||
6
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Search Digital
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http://drtc.isibang.ac.in/sdl
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7
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SJPI Cross Journal
Search Service | |
8
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SEED
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9
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Open J-Gate
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10
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Knowledge
Harvester@INSA |
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7.0 Copyright and Open Access
Copyright is the principal issue facing by authors, publishers and readers of open access publications. The work published in open access journal can be made available to the public under Creative Commons Attribution License. CCAL gives right to authors to retain their ownership of the copyright for their article. Users are allowed to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute, and copy the article as long as the original authors and source are credited. Readers are also free to make commercial use of works on the condition that the user gives credit to the original author. This broad license was developed to facilitate free use of original works.
8.0 Cloud Computing and Open Access Digital Libraries
Cloud Computing refers to both the applications delivered as services over the Internet and the hardware and systems software in the datacenters that provide those services. (Armbrust et al 2009). It creates, manage and use information without requiring individual users or institutions to invest in a massive ICT infrastructure. Digital libraries based on cloud computing architecture can facilitate shared use of computing and networking resources. There is no need for individual institutions to make large investments for setting up the ICT infrastructure to set up the repositories. Cloud-based service of open access repositories, linking with other specific cloud research and content services, provides better access to research and scholarly literature. Moreover, Cost of digital library services can be reduced by amortizing the overall cost of building the data centres for institutional repositories. Cloud computing technologies can significantly improve the economic and environmental sustainability of open access resources and institutional repositories.
9.0 Summary
Institutions are facing barriers of subscription to peer reviewed journals as the cost journals have increased manifolds over the time. Open access movement makes the dramatic changes in accessibility to scholarly literature. Research, published in open access journals and archiving in open access repositories, can easily accessible to the research communities of the world. However, the advance of open access systems increases the complexity and diversity of digital libraries which need to take seriously by enhancing the research in digital library.
References
American Library Association. Scholarly communication tool kit. (http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlissues/scholarlycomm/scholarlycommunicationtoolkit/toolkit.cfm)
Arora, J. Open Access Publishing: An overview…..
Armbrust, M., Fox, A., Friffith, R., (et. al.) (2009). Above the clouds: a Berkeley view of cloud computing. Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California Berkeley,
Technical report No. UCB/EECS-2009-28. Available at http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2009/EECS-2009-28.html
Association of Research Libraries (1995), “Definition and purposes of a digital library”, available at: www.arl.org/sunsite/definition.html
Budapest Open Access Initiative. Available online at http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read
Directory of Open access Repositories. http://www.opendoar.org/
Chowdhury, G, & Foo, S. (2012). Digital Libraries and Open Access. In Chowdhury, G, & Foo, S. (Eds). Digital libraries and information access: Research perspectives, Facet Publishing, UK.
Digital Library Policies, Organizations, and Practices. Digital Library Federation Survey, 1999
Ghosh, S.B., & Das, A. (2006). Open access and institutional repositories: A developing country perspective: a case study of India. World Library and Information Congress: 72nd IFLA General Conference and Council. Libraries: Dynamic Engines for the Knowledge and Information Society, Seoul, Korea. Available: http://eprints.rclis.org/archive/00006391/01/157-Ghosh_Das-en.pdf
Leiner, B.M. (1998), “The NCSTRL approach to open architecture for the confederated digitallibrary”,D-Lib Magazine , available at: www.dlib.org/dlib/december98/leiner/12leiner.html
Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metatada Harvesting. Available online at http://www.openarchives.org/pmh/
P. Suber, (2004). “A very brief introduction to open access,” available at http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/brief.htm.
Registry of Open Access Journals. http://roar.eprints.org/
Tsakonas, G. Papatheodorou, Christos (2008). Exploring usefulness and usability in the evaluation of open access digital libraries, Information Processing and Management 44, 1234–1250
Webometrics (Ranking Web of Repositories). http://repositories.webometrics.info/
Interesting facts
A digital library is nothing but a large database of organized collection of multimedia, data that are globally available directly or indirectly across a network and eventually act as a portal site providing access to digital collections held elsewhere for the people who are working on hypertext environment.
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By using digital library one will be able to retrieve information specifically for e.g. a particular image, photo, a definition, etc.
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Digital libraries can be accessed at any time, 24 hours a day and 365 days of the year
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Digital library provides access to much richer content in a more structured manner i.e. we can easily move from the catalogue to the particular book then to a particular chapter and so on.
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Open access (OA) means unrestricted online access to peer-reviewed scholarly research.
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Points to Ponder
- A digital library is an organized collection of digitized material or its holding in the digital form which can be accessible by a computer on the network by using TCP/IP or other protocol.
- Digital libraries are needed to provide quality based service at the user desktop.
- In case of digital libraries by using hypertext it is possible to structure and organize the same digital information in a variety of ways which serve multiple functions.
- A digital library is not confined to a particular location or so called building, it is virtually distributed all over the world. The user can get his/ her information on his own computer screen by using the internet.
- The cost of maintaining a digital library is much lower than that of a traditional library. A traditional library must spend large sums of money paying for staff, book maintenance, rent, and additional books.
- Digitization violates the copy right law as the thought content of one author can be freely transferred by others without his acknowledgement. One difficulty to overcome for digital libraries is the way to distribute information.
Web links
http://www.netugc.com/digital-library
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access
Terminology
OCW: Open Courseware
DLF: Digital Library Federation
ARL: American Research Libraries Association
PLoS: Public Library of Science
ACRL: Association of College & Research Libraries
OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
IFLA: International Federation of Library Associations
LERU: League of European Research Universities
SPARC: Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition
ALLEA: Federation of All European Academies
OER: Open Educational Resources
ERCIM: European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics
NKC: National Knowledge Commission
DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals
NISCAIR: National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources
OAPEN: Open Access Publishing in European Networks
NPTEL: National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning
OAI-PMH: Open Access Initiatives Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
OAister: OAIster is a union catalog of millions of records representing open access resources that was built by harvesting from open access collections w
OARiNZ: Open access Repositories in NZ
NCSTRL: Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library
SEED: Search Engine for Engineering Digital-repositories
CCAL: Creative Commons Attribution License
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